Reform and Planning in Dallas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

crystalise and Planning in Dallas - Essay ExampleFairbanks places more emphasis in the need to eliminate slums. concord to him, the city administrators Prepared for the twentieth century by adopting measures aimed at handling the soaring population. The city in like manner made major improvements in its urban planning as well as economic development. This importantly helped in eliminating slums and ensuring that public housing is provided for the needy. Moreover, Fairbank argues that Dallas prepared for the twentieth century by integrating its urban form _or_ system of government into the federal as well as state-based housing policies.In the essay, he also analyzes the past and contemporary profile of Dallas. These include the cultural and social issues that characterize the city. According to him, the city prepared for the twentieth century by ensuring that its urban change is relevant to its future, as well as the future of its metropolitan regions. He argues that effective u rban and regional planning is necessary.Fairbanks also argues that Dallas implemented a wide range of environmental provisions in its urban planning. According to him, this significantly helped in ensuring that environmental conservation is enhanced and pollution is mitigated. Finally, he believes that technology plays a significant role in the development of any city. He wherefore argues that Dallas prepared for the twentieth century by integrating technological advancements when planning the

Human resource mgt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

military personnel resource mgt - render ExampleIn a research paper (Geary, 1992) was critical of these assumptions. He found that man eonments reliance on temporary employees gave rise to a number of contradictions and tensions, and in the end was considered to be dis gainous.A major advantage of flexible human resource practices is the low cost of labor as cited by (Smith, 1998) in his article. In his study he concluded that a larger proportion of foreign-owned companies had lower labor costs as a result of the greater use of flexible throw practices.The application of the most flexible work life balance policy not only increases the loyalty of employee but also increase the fame of the conjunction as best places for employment. (Dex and Scheibl, 2001) Mostly women do not find it compatible to work in the technical field due to their care taking duty towards their family in this way a huge cadence of talent is drop out of the talent pool. Due to the flexible environment by th e soaked a broader recruitment pool can be made available. (Center for Ethical stemma Cultures, 1997 Evans, 2001) With providing the employees with the facilities of flexible working hours the firm can also get the benefit by offering increased service hours for the customers. Since in this age of competition and increased customer pressure in order to achieve a cutting pass on in the business it is important for a firm to provide 24/7 service (Evans, 2001 Human Resources Development Canada, 2002). The provisions of service for longer hours will not only improve the corporate visit but will provide the firm with increased market share (Dex and Scheibl, 1999 Center for Ethical Business Cultures, 1997 Evans, 2001).With undertaking the flexible work practices there are also some areas which should be addressed by the caution in order to effectively undertake human resource practices. Studies of some of the best united States and Australian organizations (Gray, 1992) also suggest that the cement which binds skilled and motivated employees to their organization, who are thus much enthusiastic, more committed and potentially more productive than their competitors employees, is clear and ongoing communication between organization managers and their employees. The management of the SFL should also take the advantage of the communication process in order achieve the higher aim of performance from the employees.A modern and a more permanent approach to motivation are through and through job enrichment (Wright, 2004). This involves putting meaning into jobs. In other words, it is putting Herzbergs two-factor theory into effect by edifice motivators into the job. These motivators include achievement, growth, responsibility, advancement and recognition. This approach can also work for SFL staff. According to the approach the organization should conception to change the job contents of the employees in order to motivate them as explained by Ross (1998) in his arti cle A practical

The Autonomous Value of Savings and the Marginal Propensity Research Paper

The Autonomous Value of Savings and the Marginal Propensity - Research Paper idealThe marginal propensity to consume is the slope of the above curve, the marginal propensity to consume value determines how the employment of a consumer responds to a change in income, the value of the marginal propensity to consume is greater than nix plainly less than 1, this means that when income increases all the increase is not used for usance purposes but protected or invested in other income-generating projects, that is why the marginal propensity to consume is greater than 0 but less than 1. Savings is the amount of income that is not consumed and consumers prefer to save in banks or invest, when income increases thus in that respect is a possibility that savings will increase, Keynes stated that savings are a function of income, for this reason, therefore, the savings function stomach be stated as follows S = F(Y). The savings function can be stated as follows S = a1 + a2 (Y-T) Where a is the autonomous value which we expect to be zero or negative, a2 is the marginal propensity to save which is greater than zero but less than 1, Y is income and T is tax, we can calculate the marginal propensity to consume as the change in savings divided by the change in income. This value shows the responsiveness of savings level due to an increase or line in the level of income. The relationship between savings and income this section considers the relationship between savings and consumption, when income increases then the level of savings and consumption increases, income is either consumed or saved, for this reason, therefore, there is a relationship between consumption and savings.

Cognitive approach over Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive approach over psychological science - Es say ExampleMans continuous urge to understand humanity had led the development of various fundamental principle in psychological science. With their app arently signifi usher outt contributions, these recent approaches, particularly neuroscience had somehow managed to make its impact. However their imperfections and bit immaturity have made each emerging, as well as the established approach somehow insufficient. With this, it would be best to for these approaches to collaborate to come up with a complete understanding of the human psychology. In fact, upon an lengthy and meticulous observation, one would find a clear point on each of these proven approaches that would connector them to each new(prenominal). This could serve as an explanation, if in the future disciplines such as neuropsychology would standout having been able to change over us with its view by means of intertwining two or more of these fundamentals.3. ... ntiers , it would be substantial to say that behaviorism, psychoanalysis and cognitive psychology clearly depicts great consideration to soulfulness differences while evolutionary psychology derives its explanations from general facts. It could ease the subject if universal explanation would serve as a constant and the single(a) difference as the variable. For example, humans in general have inherited mental capacities for acquiring speech, however, the individual upbringing and education dictates his/her way of speaking. In this example, with smooth and careful transition between evolutionary and cognitive approach, a considerably convincing thought had be derived. In the end, it would be best to take two universal explanations and individual difference into consideration nevertheless, neither of the two would suffice.5. From the point of view of your own keen development, what are the three most important things you have learned in this course Explain wherefore they are important fo r you. With such enlightening course, one can derive tons of thoughts to ponder. First, we, humans are so gifted with the ability to think and rationalized that we are able to come up with explanations about well-nigh everything. Unluckily this ability had somehow created addiction to wisdom and had lead to the materialization of several conflicting disciplines. spot is that each of these approach have manage to convince a multitude as well as give rise to their critics. Despite of their great significance, due to their inevitable flaws, no single approach can stand to serve as a perfect and adequate explanation like any other fundamentals inevitable flaws have their share of critics. Lastly, the noble gift of intellect must be utilized, at that things should be viewed in a liberal

Why Tesla Motors became successful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

why Tesla Motors became successful - Essay ExampleThis research will begin with the statement that having its origin in America, the Tesla friendship specializes in practiceing, manufacturing as well as in selling electric motors and components. The company came into light afterwards the production of Tesla roadster and the luxury sedan, which were distinct in that they were fully electric. The company has had bang-up success in the motor industry and the success would be explained through a number of factors. Among the factors are being luck driven, high access to necessary resources, increased search of knowledge as well as great entrepreneurial mindset. However, it would be ascertained that success did not just come challenges such as ruin to register profits for the offset ten years of operations, were part of the same. Literature shows that the company adopted the first to market strategy in being the first to design and launch an electric automobile in US and Europe. The initial vehicle to be designed and produced was the roadster, which fetched a relatively higher price spell compared to the subsequent model S that was relatively lower in price. Current plans are for the company to design and introduce into the market a cheaper vehicle, which will be instrumental in making the company arrive at the market successfully and targeting the middle-income population. This therefore explains the spirit that drives the company as being opportunity driven.

Fundamentals of the property law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fundamentals of the stead law - Essay ExampleIn this case, Mal go possessorship right rights over the drink down and he can transfer it to some(prenominal) one he may wish. In this case he has decided to transfer the land to Sam, where he has sold the land at a total of $120000. In the case Gunana v Northern Territory (2007) 153 FCR 349 at 83, in that location was determination of the possessor of the title of the land. But the owners of the land had reconsider their honours to the effect of the operation of the primal convey Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth) (the ALRA). The operate was on the operation of the Fisheries Act 1988 (NT) and the powers of the director of the fisheries had to appoint pursuant to act in the legislation. The court judgment was that land was fully owned by the traditional Aboriginal owners. The ALRA held that the owner has the right to exclusive pigheadedness of both the water and the land. This stated that since the owner was addicted t he fishing license, no one else was authorized to fish in the land and also in the water. If someone wanted to opening the land, one had to obtain permission from the owner (Strelein 2010) In the case Northern Territory of Australia & Anor v Arnhem Land Aboriginal Land Trust & Ors (2008) HCA 29, the court ruled that the owner of the land had exclusive rights over the possession of the land. The owner had all the marine property within the land. ... The owner had no right to exclude some other people who had been given the same title and who were the native holders of the title. It was also decided that the owner was not allowed to decline the native holders of the title the right to fish and hunt (McHugh 2011). The legal issue in this case is that, initially, Mal was the owner of the property. Since he agreed to sell the property to Sam and he also signed the transfer forms, the property no longer belonged to him. When Mal also agreed to sign the letter for the authorization of t he delivery of the certificate to Sam, he had already made his decision to sell the property to Sam, though Sam had not yet salaried him the money. Mal should not claim that he was tricked by the Harrys solicitors since he had agreed to be pay later by Sam. If he wanted to claim the money from Sam, he would have given him the conditions of selling the property. He would not have agreed to sell the property on credit. Though they had made an capital of New Hampshire that Sam was to pay him at the end of six weeks, Harry has a right of claiming the certificate so that he can lend the money to Sam. Question two The question is based on Absolute, discoverable and conditional interests. Absolute grants refer to interests which no conditions are attached. In this grant, there is no requirement of each non occurrence or occurrence of any situation or any particular or given event. When the grant is determinable, it means that the interests will be automatically terminated on the occu rrence of the event which was specified. In determinable grant the following words are used during, while, until and as long as. In any case the event becomes impossible, the interest automatically becomes absolute (Clarke and Kohler 2005). A grant can

Compare and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Compare and Contrast - Essay ExampleThey bring with them diametric cultures, values and religions. It is considered to be a good aspect by the sociologists and the educated groups but there is a different picture to it as well. Immigration serves to provide immigrants with an opportunity to plump ahead but at the same time it is also disliked by many people and immigrants are often criticized and subjected to racist sentiments and discriminated a deliver the goodsst.Immigrants come with the hope of getting better opportunities in the more developed nations of the world like people move from Mexico and cross the border to the enter the United States or they may come from Asia or the bosom East to the U.S. The purpose may be to acquire better education, to lead a comfortable life, gain security, or to earn a good living. Most work hard to achieve their goals. Many universities in the United States have immigrants as students. Most work hard because they have to adapt to a sunrise (prenominal) atmosphere and learn new ideas and things. The racism against Asians in particular Muslims is also an example to support the difficulties approach by this group in the United States. They face difficulties in universities where the nationals do not like modify with them. The new environment is alien to them but still they try their best to adjust. They leave their culture and move to a totally different place. The immigrants also start working and they even take up mettlesome collar jobs if they cant get the jobs of their choice. They hence serve as a workforce to fill in the gaps of jobs that nationals of the developed nations wouldnt do. For example, many Mexicans are seen working as laborers and farmers. Thus they bring about profits and taxation for the country where they migrate. It is also beneficial for the immigrants and their families because in this way they can also send back gold to their homelands and support their families living over there.Another ve ry important and interesting aspect of immigration

Frederic Chopin's Contribution to Music Research Paper

Frederic Chopins Contribution to Music - Research Paper ExampleAlthough he got tuition fee from numerous famous teachers, Chopin was fundamentally a self-taught pianist whose heretical and racyly individual technique contributed to the fashion in which he composed. Because of his unique talent, Frederic Chopin is recognized as a great improviser and one of the main figures in nineteenth-century classical harmony and the Romantic period even if he transcribed his extempore inventions-often with some fuss (Chen 2). In addition to a pianist, his talents were beyond emulation and had an effect on other musicians exclusively as compared to the number of his performance, for instance, he performed only 30 public performances in his 30 years as a performing artist. As a result, no artist has come before, and after him has had several important kit and caboodle of the delicates repertoire, or captured its soul. Therefore, in order to understand the logic behind his life, one should i nsure Frederic Chopins contribution to music as compared to other artists of his time. Chopins musical production was entirely dedicated to his preferred instrument, the piano therefore, at his dearth at the age of 39, Chopins influence on music and his effect on later authors were massive. For example, pianists currently play their music under the influence of Chopin as a great pianist, hence, a pianist without Chopins music is not nor recognized as a pianist, and is absurd. This is compared to English literature without Shakespeare or the Italian renaissance without Michelangelo. Thus, if Chopin had not live, there would be no Rachmaninoff, Scriabin, or even Debussy moreover, Brahms piano music would not be what it is currently (Gagne 76). ? 76). There are several motives that make pianists love Chopins music, which include Chopins music satisfies and rewards, also the payoffs are big in addition to that, studying it as well as breaking it down has its own recompenses as well. Mor eover, Chopins music pleases a wide range of listeners because it is easily available and beautiful at all levels. Several pianists like Liszts hightail its though modern cannot compare their work with that of Chopin because he was the poet of piano and no artist has ever existed like him because their work want the beauty of Chopin. Another benefit definite to Chopins own music is that Eigeldinger has been capable of using Chopins handwritten notations to verify that the tempo signs on the engravers manuscripts of his two books of Etudes were undeniably in his own hand. This outcome of massive significance to pianists, and one had been under some discussions (Bellman 622). Generally, Chopin produced various diverse types of piano pieces, which were often utilize by other composers despite the fact that he created his own form of music that were original and of high standard. some artist have tried to copy Chopins work, for example, Beethovens greatest work lies on the manner in which rewrote the piano sonata in which he did only the sonata for solo piano. On the other hand, Schubert wrote something close to Chopin because he typically stuck to sonatas but also had impromptus and moments musicals, shorter and freer works whereby he at times took a musical form that already existed and reworked

Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cause and Effect - Essay ExampleConsequently, we should similarly examine soundbox shrill or any kind of decoration, ornamentation or reshaping of the human body for that matter. The reasons for body piercing can be varied but it shows galore(postnominal) facets of the truth about a person, whether that person wants to run into a go for, wants to express thoughts or feelings or wants to symbolize a meaning about him or herself.Desires atomic number 18 rational appetites which always aim to satisfy itself. Beauty is one of the most primordial desires of man, and some large number wear body piercing plainly for aesthetic purposes. Women who pierce their ears often wear earrings with precious stones or metals because popular culture dictates that beauty is equated as something valuable and therefore precious. While otherwises perceive piercing other body parts besides the ears as unique and therefore graceful there be others who shape pain and suffering as beautiful and they are referred to as sadomasochists. Though some may envision this as a disorder, its psychological manifestations are viable and one such manifestation is having a percentage of body piercing on the sensitive areas of the body such as the tongue and the eyes. The last desire that would make people consider body piercing is their desire to know. Many teens get pierced during their college historic period just because they are curious. College students get pierced mainly because they want to have new experiences while they are away from their homes and therefore dont have to worry about their parents reaction.Man is beautiful intimate and man tries to creatively express this beauty through art hence art, properly defined, is the creation of beautiful things. The belief that body piercing can be used to exhaust creative individual normal can be traced with the emergence of body art. Piercing as a body art considers the many elements in body piercing such as the site of piercing and the kind of jewelry to be attached. Expression of the body is not

MME Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

MME - Assignment ExampleThe private and public orbit all have a managing system designed to run the organizations operations from day to day. As was created at privatization, the British railroad line industry structure still remains much the same according to the Department of tape drive (1992 33). Giving of incentives efficiently to both train operators and privately owned infrastructure providers was a fundamental prescript that to some degree still remains and by being made to suffer the financial setbacks of their inefficiencies, this decrease the call on the taxpayer. That is a discipline is meant to be created in any other shareholder company, by style of take the taxpayers to the companies the risk in which the value of the owners assets are at stake. The Nation railway in the linked Kingdom was run by an executive committee of rail company managers and curbled by the regime in the First World War. A decision then had to be made in 1919 on how the railways would be returned to the private sector. In 1947 in order to provide an economical, efficient, adequate and properly integrated system of interior transport, a British Transport Commission was set up (Department of transport, 1992 33). ... 63). In the early 90s the problem the government was trying to solve was a familiar one with that of the national railways, that is how to without unacceptable reductions in the scale of the railway service, reduce the demands on the national taxpayer. The main principle running the British railway was not changed after the 1990s policy of privation. The main aim of this policy was to maximize the railway sector competition and come up with a low-cost efficient railway sector. The implementation in the first-class honours degree did yield results where the customer service, ticketing, time table and traffic improved greatly. However the strategy set soon fell foul as a result of management strategies and styles applied and interference from politics as a result of a change of government right after privatization. The new labour government was not comfortable with privatization of the railway industry. Later Railtrack ran into financial trouble and the government took its opportunity to acquire the control of the railway industry again. Unfortunately the British railways provision of service declined greatly with no competition and the neglect of proper management. For any organization to survive todays market, it is utmost that they establish an ongoing exhibit of coping with current market demands, with the management level going back to the drawing board to revaluation the companys vision, lest they become obsolete. Any public sector thinking about carrying out strategical management change, should first understand the type of organization they have in the sector. To understand organization means to look into the level of competencies, look at the

Synthesis paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Synthesis - Research musical theme ExampleFor a fact, autism is a complex condition that can never be associated with a special(prenominal) factor. Rather, several factors contribute to a seemingly growing in the level of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) as seen in recent decades (Neal A et al., 2000). It is also true that the bewilderment existing about the causes of autism in the world domain has made primary care for patients with autism very challenging. Through critical analysis, the lack of information has caused the soul of causes and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) challenging. This is evident in the current prevalence of autism particularly in post-industrialized nations.Another confusion that has dragged the efforts into the understanding of the condition is the existing doubts about the safety of MMR triple vaccine, is due to the fact that the single antigen vaccines has never been a concern of numerous health professionals. One can argue that that squab ble falls because many ignore the safety of the single antigen vaccines. The lack of awareness of the correlation between MMR and autism in children can be attributed to the scientific evidence that is inadequate to many health care providers and an inability to judge MMR validity. In this regard, (Sengupta et al., 2004) advices that it is grievous that the various health professionals take this challenge and know all they are required to regarding autism. This according to their word would not only benefit them professionally but as well help them whenever they are advising parents of their clients. In a nutshell, the article explores the background to, and implications of, the confusion that MMR triple vaccine causes the autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Studying of autism on a broader perspective not only help in isolating the cause but likewise economic aid during diagnosis and treatment. Such a perspective is critical bearing in mind the tremendous increase in autism

Law and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Law and ethics - search ExampleMoreover, a cursory search on the web reveals a litany of legal firms offering supporter with navigating the complex regularizations surrounding performing business in capital of Kuwait (Keay, 2013). The effect of such a take aim of regulatory steps is of course necessary on some level due to the fact that without regulation many less than honest firms would set up shop and take advantage of the system. However, as has been mentioned by many scholars with regards to this particular topic, the fact of the matter is that many of these business regulations have been made by individuals that do not have a special understanding of the business process therefore, they are not adapted or efficient in regulating and only serve to provide a net liberation of utility and efficiency with regards to doing business in Kuwait. With regards to a positive effect of this level of regulatory constraints, it put up and should of course be noted that this allows Kuw ait to exhibit a degree of control over the character reference and scope of business operations that take place within the nation. By ensuring that a high level of business laws and regulations governing business exist, the stakeholders within the government are able to specifically manage the ingathering of certain key sectors that they believe represent a affright while they are able to trail and promote other sectors that they believe offer a net benefit to the system as a whole. Discuss the fact that Kuwait is a renter state and how this is impacting the business environment negatively. One of the biggest threats to the proceed viability of the government of Kuwait and other economies that are over-dependent upon the revenue from their natural resources is the fact that the other segments of the economy lots atrophy. out-of-pocket to the fact that such a very high level of profitability is able to be gleaned from oil and shove along, nations such as Kuwait have been kno wn to suffer from what is known as Dutch disease. Dutch disease is so termed due to the situation that exhibited itself in Holland during the 1970s when large palm of natural gas were discovered within Holland. As these resources were tapped, the whole of economic power shifted and the natural gas industry ballooned into the largest sector of the Dutch economy. Ultimately, this served to weaken the economic position of Holland as a whole as the nation became overly dependent upon the revenue from the gas fields and allowed other, formerly profitable, aspects of their economies to wither and atrophy. In such(prenominal) the same way, the fact that Kuwait is so dependent upon the likes of Shell, BP, and Exxon as renters to their natural resources poses a significant threat to the continued viability of the economy. As a means of approaching this unique threat, it leave of course be the function of stakeholders within the government and private sector to seek to build key aspects o f domestic production in order to offset the threat of becoming dependent upon the rents that natural resource seeking firms extract from the nation. Due to the fact that just like with the example of Holland which has previously been discussed, these natural resources will eventually run out, it will be the responsibility of these stakeholders to seek to build a solid foundation now so that when this happens, Kuwait will

Promise and peril Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Promise and peril - Essay ExampleThe article as well notes on that point are challenges in implementing pay-for-performance plans by carriages. One of such is seen on the negative impact on motivation, self-esteem, teamwork, and creativity (Beer, and Cannon 4). The second challenge is that the schedule may lead the employee to forego other things that would help the governance in pursuit of rewards. Merit has also been shown not to be based on performance. The proponent of the program believes the challenges can be overcome through intelligent design of the program (Beer, and Cannon 4).The article also highlights the role played by managers in pay for performance programs. The article notes managers may opt for adoption, modification, or discontinuation of the programs (Beer, and Cannon 13). The article shows reasons for managers coming up with any of the decision. One influence for decision is on pragmatic commitment to finding ways of improving performance (Beer, and Cannon 13). Their goals are just impelled by ensuring there is an improvement in performance but not just desire to put one over the upstart programs. They also viewed the new tool as a combination of other tools that could be utilise in solving some of the challenge they face.Moreover, failure to gain result of the new tool makes manager adopts other traditional tools. Such tools include close supervision, clear goals, coaching, and training (Beer, and Cannon 13). The managers view these tools as being fundamental in management hence change of decision. Additionally, the manager viewed the new program as requiring more time to implement and attracted difficulties in setting performance standards. The new program has been viewed as advantageous. However, it faces the challenges of implementation by

Retaining Foreign Talents in the Dubai Banking Industry Dissertation

Retaining Foreign Talents in the Dubai Banking Industry - Dissertation ExampleAdvani (2006) mentions that the verbalize situation exists in the said country because of the fact that the employees would earlier work for the contrary banking institutions as the latter offers better earnings packages than their local counterparts. The Oxford Business grouping (2008) in any case cited attracting and retaining high quality natural endowment as one of the most common problems experienced by banks in Bulgaria. Generally, this problem is brought about by various issues such as the competition for limited banking resources such as the location that can be used to establish banks, the availability of dexterous employees and eligible clients (The Oxford Business Group 2008). In Dubai, as well as in the other members of the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC), retaining foreign talent in their banking industry is likewise an important issue issue. During the past years, the said countries, mo st especially Dubai, has been considered fascinating in terms of enticing expatriate professionals Nevertheless, it was only considered as relatively successful in a sense that it has merely served as a transient market wherein the young professionals begin their c atomic number 18ers, earn revenue free income and socialize for 2-3 years. In this sense, employers therein experience high rates of turnovers as regards their staff (Rehman 2007). The 2007-2010 slump which affected Dubai along with the other members of the GCC has resulted to the radical decrease in the number of expatriate workers in the said countries. True enough, many Westerners were employed four to five years ago. However, nowadays, most of them score been transferred to other countries and slightly have been repatriated to their own countries. More often than not, the decision involving them is brought about by the fact that foreign expatriates are more expensive than others. Undoubtedly, the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, most especially Dubai has long relied on foreign expatriates. However, because of the economic issues that they have faced, most of them have decided to come up with initiatives which are aimed towards the localization of the workforce, replacing the foreign expatriates with skilled local employees. The adoption of these initiatives had been highly influenced by the banking institutions in the countries to cut down their expenses by reducing the compensation packages offered to the expatriate professionals. Aside from these, the decision of financial institutions to cut down the premium pay of expatriates had also facilitated their turnovers (Rehman 2007). Undoubtedly, there is a need to implement employee strategies so as to retain key employees, most especially foreign talents in a certain company. However, because of economic problems such as recession, companies tend to cut down their be in line of battle to cope with the financial situation. This pap er focuses on the issue of expatriate management in Dubai. It focuses on the different innovative strategies that companies, most especially members of the banking industry usually implement in order to retain foreign talent. However, given the fact that Dubai suffered from economic recession in the last three years, this look into aims to look into whether or not ht financial institutions therein continue the implementation of the said strategies during this period in the hopes of retaining foreign talent. Statement of the Problem As previously mentioned, the adoption of pertinent employee strategies is of paramount importance in terms of retaining foreign employees. Amongst the members of the banking industry, the key to attracting and retaining employees is through the development of good payment packages. However, banking instituti

Poetry Analysis the famous blue raincoat by leonard cohen Essay

numbers Analysis the famous blue raincoat by leonard cohen - Essay ExampleThe title refers to the unnamed persons raincoat. This becomes an important symbol in the song. The tearing at the shoulder of the raincoat suggests the passage of time, vulnerability, and likewise the inability perhaps to shoulder responsibilities like fidelity. Maurice Ratcliff in The Complete Guide to the Music of Leonard Cohen suggests that since Cohen has admitted that the title refers to a Burberry raincoat he owned himself, perhaps the letter is addressed to his own past self (Ratcliff 37). The exposition of the other being Cohen himself is possible and suggests that writing or singing the letter is a kind of remediation act to redeem his own perhaps unjust behavior towards Jane. The form of the poem is roughly in the AABB rhyming scheme with minor variations. For instance, in the stanza following Well I see Janes turn on, the rhyming scheme shifts to ABCB temporarily. There are also devices to ind icate the epistolary nature of the poem Sincerely, L. Cohen at the end and the vague mention of the date and time at the beginning, for instance. Most of the song appears to fall in the metrical pattern of amphibrach, although this varies also. The content of this popular song is obscure and open to interpretation.

Neuroscience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neuroscience - Assignment representativeThe tale of Lucy is elaborated by Dr. Barbara Smuts and his wife. The couple provide a classic story of their experiences with the chimp, Lucy, who was choose when she was barely 2 days old. Lucy was brought up amidst human beings and she learned to be a human. However, as she grew up to be an adult, those who reared her realized that her future would be better in the forests amidst other members of her family and sent her back to the forests, hardly with some training. The story of Lucy is a heart fault one not only for those who reared her and showed her so practically of love and affection, but also to those who came to know about the story. The presentation of the episode on the radiocast is excellent and tears rolled down my face after I heard it. It is indeed a heart breaking story, Humans or non-humans, obtainings are the same and to live without the ones you have loved and have loved you is precise difficult. More so for an ape, who, if brought up amidst other apes in the forest would have had different experiences in his heart all together. Although, on one side, I feel like criticizing and mocking the arrogance of humans for conducting much(prenominal) experiments without consent on these animals who have no other choice, at the same time I feel sad for the tumoil they too went through for sending Lucy to the forests.

Teens and Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

Teens and Consumer Behavior try outShopping, is a word often used in everyday life in the context of the economy, some(a)(prenominal) in the corporate world and in our household. But the said(prenominal) word meaning has evolved as a reflection of lifestyle and recreation on certain economical class society. Shopping also has a special meaning for youngrs.Consumptive LifestyleThe word consumer (as an adjective see the suffix-if) often defined the same as the word consumerism. Whereas the latter word refers to anything related to the consumer. While consumptive more specifically show the desire to consume goods that genuinely less is required redundantly to achieve maximum satisfaction.Indeed there has been no satisfactory definition of the word this consumptive. But the consumer is usually used to refer to consumer behavior that utilizes the value of funds is greater than the value of production for goods and services which argon non basic necessities. For example as an illustration, a person has income 500 k rupiah. He spends 400 thousand dollars in a specific cartridge holder to chance basic needs. Time 100 thousand she spent on a pair of tog because the shoes he has to work is damaged. In this case the person had not called the consumer be pee-pees. But if he actually spend on shoes that he did not need (especially shoes he bought 200 thousand with a credit card), then he can be called a consumptive behavior.This example is relatively easy to determine whether someone has been behaving consumptive or not. But imagine someone who has income 1 million, to meet the basic needs of 400 thousand and 300 thousand are used to purchase goods that he did not need, while the rest used Untk increase its capital in the business. Whether he can be classified consumptive behavior?Consumptive Behavior TeenagersFor producers, the age group of adolescents is one of the potential market. The flat coat is partly because ones expending sort is formed during adolescence. In addition, teenagers are usually tardily persuaded ad seduction, like the bandwagon to friends, unrea dispositionic, and tend to be wasteful in using the money. The properties of teenagers is utilized by some manufacturers to enter the youth market.Among teens who have parents with a well-off economy class, especially in big cities, the prom has sustain a second home. They wanted to show that they too can follow the fashion that are currently outstanding. And fashion itself is always changing, so the teens are never satisfied with what he had. As a result, there emerged a consumptive behavior.From a number of research results, there are differences in consumption patterns between men and women. There is also a trait that differs between men and women in buy behavior. The differences areMen easily influenced persuasion seller often cheated because no patience in choosing goods have a feeling uncomfortable if they do not buy anything after entering the store kegiat ran hump shop less, so often a rush decision to buy.Women more interested in burnish and shape, not on technical issues and their usefulness not easily swept away persuasion seller love romantic things rather than objective quickly feel the atmosphere of the store happy shopping activities even though only window shopping (just look around but not buy).This list can still be questionable whether it is true there are different styles in the purchase between men and women. In addition, studies have been done yet to get consistent results whether or waniata teenage boys who spend more money.Are Consumptive Dangerous?Actual consumer behavior in adolescents can be understood when looking at adolescent age sebaga transition in the search for identity. Teens want their innovation is recognized by the environment by seeking to become part of the neighborhood. The need for acceptance and become equal with other people the same age that causes teenagers trying to follow the various attrib utes that are in. Teenagers in the development of cognitive and emotion still considers that it is superficial attributes as important (even more important) with the substance. What is worn by an mechanic who became the idol of the teen becomes more important (to imitate) compared with hard work and effort that his idol artist to arrive at his popularity.Becomes a problem when the real trend fair in adolescents is done to excess. saw bigger than the pole peg applies here. Sometimes what is required by teenagers outside his parents ability as a source of funds. This has caused many parents who complain when their children began to enter the world of teenagers. In this case, the behavior was already causing economic problems in the family.This consumer behavior can continue entrenched in the lifestyle group of teenagers. In the process, they exit become adults with consumptive lifestyle. This consumptive lifestyle must be supported by adequate pecuniary strength. Bigger problem oc curs if the level of financial achievement was done with all kinds of unhealthy ways. Starting from the pattern of excessive work to use IM as a way of corruption. In the end the consumer behavior not only has economic impact, but also the psychological impact, social and even ethical.

Home School vs. Public School Essay Example for Free

Home School vs. Public School EssayI prefer abode schooling over human beings schooling which one do you prefer? in that location are both pros and inpatients for both Home Schooling and Public Schooling. I am going to exempt this all to you in my move. I personally was abode schooled for a few years during middle and gamey school. All of elementary school and part of middle school I went to a regular school. My cogitate for choosing to be plaza schooled is I work Agoraphobia which is an anxiety disorder caused by situations where people perceive the environment as being difficult to escape or get help. As soon as I would walk into a class room I would have a panic attack. One occasion I liked about public school was being able to play volleyball. I love playing it for the little bit of time that I was in middle school. Even though I wasnt really all that great, So I didnt play very much.That is one con of being home schooled. You cannot play sports affiliated with any school. A pro for public schooling is you have a group environment to learn in with others to help you. On the other hand with home schooling you are on your own. In home schooling you have less choices of course as you would if you were going to public school. You also have more diversity in public school. When going to public school you have a higher student to teacher ratio, now with home schooling in that respect is a small teacher to student ratio. In home schooling you are free to spot your schedule, as in public school your schedule is strict and chosen for you. Public school chooses the curriculum for you.Unlike in home schooling you can choose your own. There are now nearly millions of children being home schooled. Being home schooled teaches students to be independent in their learning choices. Sometimes home schooling can be more expensive than going to public school. Teachers are not ever qualified to teach all subjects, and colleges sometimes have stricter admi ssion policies concerning home schooled students. It is also harder to provide cordial interaction when being home schooled. Like I had stated before I prefer home schooling but everyone has their own opinions. This is the reason why I have enrolled myself into the University of Phoenix online. So that I can have the flexibility of my classes, this way I can work around my everyday invigoration and not miss out when it comes to spending time with my boys. I hope that the information in my essay was helpful to you.

Rationality, Educated Opinion and Peace Essay Example for Free

Rationality, Educated vox populi and tranquillity EssayAbstractThis piece of music addresses the relevancy of inter state of fightf ar design to the building of quiescence through examining the ideas of three important writers of the stop Ed contendd H every(prenominal)ett Carr, Norman Angell and Alfred Zimmern. The role of commonplace smell was under much(prenominal) query in the politics of the period they wrote in, and of import to this turn out argon the questions as to whether the prevalent mind is sharp-witted and assailable of reason. These writers ar matter toed with the order of earthly concern opinion and remember that through educating the public mind, the possibility of peace understructure be increased. Drawing from their ideas, this paper thence postulates that peace is a product of modestness and in that respect is possibility of continue through reproduction.The birth of external dealings as a separate discipline was founded a havest t he context of the inter struggle years, which brought ab knocked out(p) important consequences for the subsequent conditioning of the inter state of war years. The tensions prior to and the subsequent devastation of the prominent state of war forced intellectuals of the early twentieth century to examine ex computer programations for the bring forths of war and to postulate measures by which a nonher catastrophe could be pr raseted. The general psyche of the people exerted an influence on the direction of internationalistic studies.As David Long points out, the academic study of international affairs during this period of time sustained a normative though non needs utopian interest in the avoidance of war1. Such a trend is manifested in the trust deed of the Wilson Chair of internationalistic political relation (one of the first few schools of the discipline), which states that international politics is the political science in its natural covering to international dea lings with special reference to the ruff substance of promoting peace between nations.2Woodrow Wilson, cosmos a leading solon at the time, presents one of the possible avenues for peace. He consciously and deliberately tied issues of foreign policy to domestic help politics, giving rise to what allow for inject to be known as the egalitarian peace thesis. Wilson advocates the flavor that touristed participation, public life and opportunity for all will be the guarantee of peace. Wilson turn overd that diplomacy and foreign policy must be taken with regard to public opinion and the public being rational would prefer peace to war.3 The crucial forego here is that public opinion matters in a democratic political dodging. The speculation further made is that the political leaders argon sensitive to public opinion and will be susceptible to their demands.The issue of public opinion gives rise to another set of issues, and one of the fore more or less(prenominal) in this period, is the skepticism that the basic premise of a rational public rejecting war is true. Is the public rational? Is war a rational extract? The political definition of ground is the business leader of the public to discern the options decipherable to them, and to adopt the best option to achieve their prioritized goals.The Great War cast doubts as to whether public is necessarily aware of what their options and goals are, much less their ability to choose the best option to fit their preferred purpose. As historian A. J. P. Taylor manages that the intellectual backlash against the dehumanizing war made the interwar years an age of intellectual and artistic activity, where intellectuals from confused fields of study question the designer of man to reason.4 The devastation of war brings queries, particularly from the exemplificationists, as to whether war discount be a rational choice. Even if the assumption holds true, there is still the question as to whether public op inion has each weight on policy formulation.Given this particular context, this paper questions the foundations of Wilsonian politics. This paper will and then postulate on the influence of public opinion and the impact of understanding on the sustainment of peace by brief from the ideas of three important writers of this period Edward Hallett Carr, Norman Angell and Alfred Zimmern. This paper will first introduce the sticks of all three writers. It will then examine the original assumption shared by all three writers with respect to public opinion, before expounding on their contestations on the rationality of the public and why the issue matters. The paper will then look into the possibilities of peace, and how the three agree on the issue of reading. Due to source constraints, this paper will draw on secondary references to the kit and boodle of the three writers, where the primary sources are not available.Carr, Angell and ZimmernPeter Wilson in Thinkers of the twent y historic period Crisis introduces Carrs book as a work which not only if set the tone for subsequent discussion of inter-war thought, scarce as well as substantially shaped postwar attitudes towards it.5 The premise for The Twenty eld Crisis is the critique of inter-war idealism, which Carr terms utopian6. Carr dismisses the utopians as being unable to understand political reality and sets up a dichotomy that supposes utopia reality= free will determinism= theory entrust= morality power = worldwide relative= intellectual bureaucrat= Left veracious 7 The dichotomy presented by Carr undermines interwar idealism, and leads, in part, to the rejection of the practical value of these theories. This dichotomy shapes subsequent debate and is consequentially identified as the polarity of pragmatism and idealism, which will dominate international studies for the next few decades.In order to posit queries of the dichotomy, it is first necessary to expound on the assumptions that are conventionally made of each school. Brian C. Schmidt summarises the assumptions of idealism as follows a pervasive faith in reason and rationalism, a belief in the infallibility of public opinion, the view that war was irrational, that the best way to end conflict was through education, international fair play, and gentlemans gentleman g everyplacenment, and, finally, a belief that the essential harmony of interests existed, which translated into the international doctrine of war-does-not-pay8.Superficially, both Norman Angell and Alfred Zimmern adopt much(prenominal) assumptions in their writings. Signifi sewertly, both Angell and Zimmern share the same devotion to one key tenet the possibility of progress through educating public opinion and conditioning human behaviour. Their devotion to the tenet became stronger later into their careers, especially after(prenominal) the Second World War. The realist school of thought as represented by Carr, refutes the idealist assumptions . In particular, the realists argue that the concept of power is central to international affairs.Carr adopts Thomas Hobbes affirmation on human nature and advances the rivalry that the state as a rational actor will choose to maximize its capacity for power in order to secure its survival. He argues that public opinion, even when informed, is not necessarily pacifist and that thought fuck be mould by political purposes. Through delineate his position by rejecting and critiquing the idealists assumptions, Carrs realist position is indeed seen as the diametric opposite of the idealists.It is then necessary to redress both the ideas of Carr and the much-maligned interwar idealists, among whom are Zimmern and Angell. The choice of juxtaposing Angell and Zimmern with Carr in this paper is conscious. Both Zimmern and Angell are among the few utopians whom Carr explicitly criticizes in The Twenty Years Crisis. Andreas Osiander points out that Zimmern is still widely regarded as what Oslon and Groom have call optioned the consummate idealist9, and is thus identifiable with the idealist school of thought. Yet Zimmern, as Paul Rich and Peter Wilson suggest, is considerably less adverse to Carrs ideas than his idealist colleagues.10 Angell, on the other hand, is one of the fiercest adversaries to The Twenty Years Crisis, but J. D. Miller raises the argument that Angell should be regarded less as an idealist than a far sighted realist because of his acute awareness of the issues of political reality11. The interplay of their ideas then calls to question the asperity of a clear dichotomy.In essence then, this paper seek to question if the positions of these writers on the assumptions raised by Schmidt are as concrete as they appear to be. In other words, this paper examines the complexities of Carr, Angell and Zimmerns ideas on the pertinence of public opinion, rationality and possibilities of peace. On closer examination, this paper argues that despite the differe nces, the three share a fundamental similarity the belief in progress. The dichotomy between the realists and idealists is permeable, and in their postulation of the long term, the arguments of Carr, Angell and Zimmern coincide. usual intellectionFirst and foremost, the underlying assumption that Carr, Angell and Zimmern adopt is that public opinion matters, even though their understanding of public opinion differs. Zimmern argues that public opinion is the lifeblood of a civilized community but unfortunately, the majority of the peoples is guided by whimsey of ignorance, passion or greed, and the other devils if unreason.12 The title of Carrs inaugural speech at the University College of Wales, Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace says much. Carr argues that public opinion can exert tremendous influence oer a foreign policy issue that it feels sufficiently strongly about, using the case of the public rejection of the Hoare-Laval plan to build his case.He states that, No nation, and least of all a democracy, can wage war unless it has the persist of an overwhelming majority of its people13. The implication of much(prenominal)(prenominal) a statement in light of guarding the peace is that until now as the public is not in favour of war, a state and particularly a democratic state will not and cannot adopt war as a policy factor. Angells Nobel Lecture, Peace and the Public Mind, adopts the same position, except that he argues public opinion, being misinformed and portentously erroneous can lead to war. 14Interestingly both Angell and Carr argue that public opinion is easily manipulated. Carr devotes a section to Power over opinion in The Twenty Years Crisis, suggesting that the not bad(p)er proportion of public becoming conscious or involved in politics relates to the importance that the ruling elite place on propaganda as an instrument of power. The influence of propaganda rests on the premise he sets earlier in the book that the crucial contribution of realism is the idea that thought is relative to purpose. 15 For instance, nationalism, as a form of ideology, could be seen as a means by which the public can be shaked to go to war. Similarly, Angell contends that a small militant nonage is capable of appealing to the majority towards a policy that may not be in the majoritys best interests.16RationalityHaving established that public opinion has a role to play, we then move on to the crucial questions is the public rational, and is war a rational choice? On both issues, there are profound differences between Carr and the idealists, arising from the difference in the way they interpret and infer from past and current events. Reason and rationality give rise to different conclusions for Carr and the idealists. An important observation is that Carr places more faith in reason and rationality than do the others, contrary to our earlier presupposition that it is the idealists who have a pervasive faith in reason and rationalism.A proper definition of what is meant by rational behaviour has yet to be permitd as a premise for argument. To proceed, we adopt James mill argument for the rational public opinion quoted in Carr as a guide to what rational behaviour entailsEvery man possessed of reason is accustomed to weigh secern and to be guided and determined by its preponderance. When mingled conclusions are, with their evidence presented with equal care and with equal accomplishment, there is a moral certainty, though some few maybe misguided, that superlative number will label right, and the greatest force of evidence, whatever it is, will produce the greatest impression. 17Whereas Carr believes that the public, being self-interested, is capable of defining their goals and seeking the best possible means to achieve toward that end, he rejects Mills definition of rational behaviour. Mills definition is in turn based on the ideas espoused by Jeremy Betham who assumes that the ideal option is the greatest steady-going to the greatest number. Carr argues that public opinion exercises from the masses, who are for large part, neither enlightened nor educated and thus the greatest number need not necessarily judge right.He argues that Betham and Mills assumption that self-interest can be sacrificed for the sake of the greatest good to the collective is based on some kind of comprehension of what is right and cannot be demonstrated by rational argument.18 Carr suggests, instead, that rational necessarily demands a consciousness and the ability to adjust to the balance of power existing in international affairs, which serves as a constraint on the options available. The discerning public thus does not only take into account what is right, but also what is most practical in catering to self-interest.Carr then adopts an argument that is parallel to Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes, in Leviathan, states the fundamental law of nature asit is a precept, or general rule of reason that every man, ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek, and use all helps, and vantages of warCarr comments, to the same effect, that although war is undesirable, it is not possible to impose an absolute judgement that war is unceasingly and unconditionally wrong. The implication of Hobbes and Carrs argument is that the public being rational favours peace. However, when the public believes that they have more to gain from war, or more to lose from not going to war, war becomes a rational and logical solution.Historically, Carrs argument seems to find sufficient basis in the outbreak of World War I. One of the reasons contributing to the war was the increase in bellicosity, arising from rationalization of cost and benefit or cooperation and non-cooperation. Prior to the Great War, the perceived cost of non-cooperation19 had decreased. The perception was influenced by beliefs that any war would be short, a consequence of a highly misl ead faith in the efficacy of offensive military strategies and tactics20 and by the agreement of alliances. The perception was further colored by nationalism. Secondly the perceived gains of non-cooperation had increased. The general belief was that expansionism and offensive foreign policy was perceived to be too high, due to the general suspicion of the intentions of the other states. Given these perceptions then prevalent, European states saw it to their service to go to war, and in fact to initiate the war so as to reap the greatest advantage of the ground. This international game theory exemplifies in part the rational performance that Carr espoused.The idealists depart greatly from Carr. Angell and Zimmern encounter that Mills definition is greatly desired but finds it incongruent with political reality. Reus-Smit, in his essay The contradictory Death of Liberal Theory, argues that the conflict between morality and political reality is seen by Angell as a divide between reason and unreason. He argues that, If the former prevailed, there was some hope of a satisfaction between morality, defined as the well-being of all and reality, which in Angells favoured area was the incompatibility of warfare and such(prenominal) well-being.21 However, within the historical context, Angell believes that unreason prevailed. Angell believes that the public mind is often irrational, because it is too easily persuaded it does not possess sufficient information, nor the ability to process vast amounts of information when it is available and it lacks the dexterity to seek evidence for the various conclusions, as Mill points out, i.e., it cannot see the likely outlets of actions.22 The public mind cannot compute cost-benefit-analysis, which is central to rationalization. Angell accounts for this unreason of the public mind, stating that it arises from the failure to apply to our international relationships knowledge which is of practically universal possession23 In Angells opinion then, it is not for the lack of intellectual capacity on the part of the public that lead to the irrational behaviour, but the inability to apply knowledge.Resting on his idea of the irrational public, Angell expounds on the war and why the publics choice to go to war is actually irrational. In his aptly named book, The Great Illusion, he puts forth a convincing argument on the futility of war on grounds of rationality and economic considerations. Angell argues that the perceived benefits of war under modern constituent, are cut down, as victors can no longer expect to benefit as much from the spoils of war. The change is by and large because goods and spoils are no longer portable (such as gold, silver, slaves, precious stones) as they had before. Goods and services are non-physical such as currency, shares, and fixed assets, and are thus not transferable wealth. As such, if states act purely in their self-interest, given the expectation not to gain from war, st ates would be unlikely to pursue war.24Angell considers this line of reasoning to be simplistic and easily applicable to the conduct of international relations. Yet as the advent of World War I proves, the public is incapable of applying such rationale to political coif. Angell argues that the pervading reasons behind war, then, are irrational. Not only does war not serve to the benefit of the state concerned, better alternatives of action could be sought such as building economic relations, social interaction. Such connections can be used in persuading, as opposed to coercing, other states into behaving in the manner that is beneficial to the state concerned. Thus the argument adopted is that war is irrational, i.e. not the best-laid option, and man being irrational and susceptible to external influences, chooses to use war as a policy instrument.Andreas Osiander points out that unlike what Carr implies, Zimmern, like Angell, was very far from seeing public opinion as necessarily a force for peace.25 Like Angell, he believes that the conflicts in the international arena, giving rise to war are resultant of intellectual, and not political failure.26 However, if Carr is to be believed, Zimmern can, in fact, be seen as being more extreme than Angell. Carr states in The Twenty Years Crisis that Zimmern is inclined towards the hypothesis that If mankind in its international relations has signally failed to achieve the rational good, it must have been too stupid to understand that good. Carrs statement is not altogether justified. Although Zimmern does point out that the impediment to overcoming the obstacle towards peace is that man are beings of conservative irritability and limited intelligence27, what he implies is that man is reluctant to adjust to present realities brought by modernity. As a result of the inherent resistance towards change, mans mental capacity does not adapt to the fact that previous ways of managing international relations are no longer applicable.Consequentially, public opinion cannot be trusted to be rational. Zimmern subscribes to bathroom Stuart Mills argument of the tyranny of the majority. He argues that the ruling elite, that is, the politicians in positions of power tend to be capable of rationalization. However this intellectual minority in government is consumed by the irrational public for statesmen, however sharp-witted and far sighted, are limited in their policies by the public opinion and parliaments to which they are responsible.28 Angell concurs on this issue. J. D. Miller, drawing from Angells comments, argues that Angell too feared the impact upon politicians of an unreasoning crowd mind, and doubted the capacity of politicians to resist it.Both Angell and Zimmern, then, prefer that the intellectual minority be given the ability and power to lead the rest of the populace, so as to govern rational foreign policies. In this regard, Carr again differs. Whereas Carr does agree that the intellectua l minority has a role to play in leading public opinion,29 he believes that the intellectual minority is however, sadly, out of touch with reality. He argues his case by drawing on the difference between intellectuals perceptions of the League of Nations with those of the man on the street. The intellectuals, who tend to be idealists by his definition, strive to secure and maintain peace via means of treaties, covenants and legal codifications. The general public, however, is more concerned with the practice of international affairs (as opposed to the theory.) Going by Carrs understanding of rational behaviour to be fetching into account what is right and also what is most practical in application, the intellectual minority is in practice less rational than the public.Change and the possibility of progressAs it is, there seems to be a great divide between Carr and his two contemporaries with regards to whether man is rational. However, central to their arguments is the shared belie f that history is a directional process, that is, there is the idea of constant change. Carr argues that war occurs because of the conservative reluctance to allow change to the status quo and the way to peace is to provide means of sedate change.30 Angell and Zimmern suggest that war occurs because man has yet to come to terms with change, and that the mentality and psyche of the populace has not kept in line with international developments. As Zimmern states, the statesmen and the peoples have not adjusted their minds to the new realities31.The central concern with the issue of change harkens to a broader issue on which the three writers concur the possibility of progress. The interwar context is one of pessimism. The first decade had been one of retrieval and rehabilitation from the shock of the Great War and the second decade of mounting tensions and escalation to an even more disastrous war. The context in which these writers write in, therefore, begets the question of whethe r man can move away from destruction of war, and by what means.The three writers agree that the current situation calls for change, as present movements and measures to maintain peace are skimpy and inadequate, and are reasonably optimistic that such change can be effected. Carr notes even in 1936 that, the cause of peace has made tremendous stride during the past fifteen years and shows his preference towards progressive history, disputation that a sense of change as a progressive factor in history, and belief in reason as our guide for the understanding of its complexities are crucial to the current world. Angell is of the same mind when he questions the unchangeability of human nature and argues that just as cannibalism and slavery can be systematically reduced in our society, so too can the warlike nature of man and states32. Zimmern, even when decrying the decline of international standards (which he defined as rules of behaviour) at a meeting at Chatham House in 1937 argues that the process of change allowing for peaceful coexistence was already taking place.33The ultimate aim of change is the maintenance of peace, which is assumed to be the preferred good, through the avoidance of war. The question that is then posited is, by what means? Carr, Angell and Zimmern propose different measures but the one pertinent to the prior argument on public opinion and rationality is their faith in education. Due to their fundamental belief that public opinion matters, it is logical to argue that if the public mind, as Angell would call it, could be trained and conditioned to favour peaceful change, then the chances of states going to war would be minimized. Angell quotes in his The Great Illusion that Not the facts, but mens opinions about the facts is what matters, and making a parallel with the abolishment of trance hunts, he comments that just as in the matter of burning witches a change of behaviour was the outcome of a change of opinion in a same way a change in the political conduct of can only come about as a result of a change of thought34. The way to peace then is to shape mans perceptions about war.Given this understanding, the most basic and maybe most efficient way of bringing about this conditioned public is through education. However in his address given to Chatham House in 1931, Angell claims that the current education system does not adequately dress up the separate to make intelligent and informed inferences from the facts presented to him. He believes that the reason behind this lack in the system is that education tends to follow a tradition whereby an older generation influences and instruct the younger through a process of socialization.35 Unfortunately this tradition means that values and ideas that are taught are often unable to glamour up with present realities. The educational system had also focused on provision of information, without equipping the individual with means to discern the motivations, the causation analysis, the implications et cetera behind the piece of information.According to him, We have thought too much of the facts and too little of their meaning. 36 Thus the socialization/education of an individual does not adequately provide him with the skill to make rational choices. Given his premise that war is irrational under any circumstances lest in defence and a rational public will therefore reject war, the skill inadequacy means that man may choose to go to war due to their lack of understanding, unless the educational system can be changed.Beyond the suggestion that education shifts its focus from its informational purpose towards equipping successive generations with the skill to possess information, Angell does not however provide for how education can be otherwise structured. Zimmern elaborates on his ideal educational system in his book nurture and Leadership, which is not only designed to impart the skill of discerning information but also specifically equipped to te ach students about international life.Particularly, he believes that practical experience through interaction with people from other nations will allow students to imbibe the manipulation of cooperation and harmonious living37. Zimmern believes that once people are given more exposure to the international arena, they will be able to understand foreigners and foreign influences better and become more acutely aware of the idea of universal brotherhood. This basic premise being established, man will be more able to understand the actions of others, less inclined to take preemptive action and to go to war. The assumption of such an argument is that people are less inclined to advocate war against a party that they share an understanding with. Education is thus seen as an instrument which can build commonality among peoples, as well as a means by which the public can be trained to be rational.In The Twenty Years Crisis, Carr argues for the application of reason to understanding current situations and political reality in his later work What is History he extends the role of reason to the capacity to reformThe primary function of reason, as applied to man in society, is no longer merely to investigate, but to transform and this heightened consciousness of the power of men to improve the care of his social, economic and political affairs by the application of rational processes seems to me one of the major aspects of the twentieth century. 38The core assumptions here are that reason leads to progress and progress is necessarily an improvement. Remembering the key concern of the study of international relations in the interwar period, a foremost improvement of the human condition is the annihilation of war. As do Angell and Zimmern, Carr believes that education was to be the tool by which such improvement can come about. However, unlike Zimmern and Angell who believe that the public has to be thought how to make rational choices in the first place, Carr believes th at education can be used to shape the way the public thinks about their choices. Carr notes then that education policy must be shapedEducators at all levels are nowadays more and more consciously concerned to make their contribution to the shaping of society in a particular mould, and to inculcate in the rising generation the attitudes, loyalties and opinions appropriate to that type of society educational policy is an integral part of any rationally planned social policy.39It is then assumed, that rationally, a society will be prefer not to resort to war in a conflict of interest, and a means by which this can be ensured is to design an educational system which, in the context of the interwar years, should imbue in them the moral norm that peaceful change is the preferred means of achieving policy objectives.To put it more plainly, Carrs ideal is using education to persuade man against the doctrine of power, providing a basis whereby a compromise between morality and power can be r eached and peaceful change achieved. In his contention that thought is relative to purpose, Carr postulates that mass opinion can directed and in fact mass-produced via universal popular education. It is imperative to note that by popular education, Carr has included the mass media.( Carr does not, however differentiate between education and propaganda in The Twenty Years Crisis though in What is History, he associates education with rationality and the growing consciousness from below as well as from above of the role which reason can play40).The application of reason and rationality therefore means that education can be used to persuade mankind against war. Instead of making an argument that war is irrational, educators can influence the public into making a conscious choice not to use war as a policy instrument. As Carr states, I regard as of immense importance and promise the sluggish extension of the area of the worlds surface within which war has been efficaciously been plac ed under the ban, such that war is actually unthinkable41.What becomes interesting is how closely Carr mirrors the utopians he derides. Peter Wilson, in his attempt to understand what Carr means by utopian, lists the various characteristics that Carr associates with the term. According to his analysis, all of these characteristics are progressive ideas and it might be therefore be reason out that the core characteristic of interwar idealism is belief in conscious, progressive change. On this basis, Carr does not seem to be any much different, which recalls Reus-Smits observation quoted earlier in this paper that Carr is himself not a consummate realist. It is also possible to put forth an argument that Carrs argument against utopianism was never meant to be an outright and unconditional rejection of the interwar theories. conclusionWhether or not these three writers think the public mind is rational depends largely on whether they believe war can be a rational choice, and yet rega rdless of their perspectives on these two issues, they believe that progress towards avoidance of war can be ensured through changing human behaviour. Education policies thus become important, as they can shape the perceptions of the public and thus affect their choices, which is in turn reflected in the chosen foreign policy. However there is a point to note based on this argument set. All three writers are writing within a democratic framework and tradition, where by definition, requires that public opinion matters. Yet, public opinion is less likely to make an impact in an authoritarian state, and even in democratic states, there is the consideration of public apathy, the leaders gambling and taking risks by not going according to public opinion, et cetera.These complications bring us back to the consideration of Wilsonian politics. Woodrow Wilson professes that his aim is to make the world safe for democracy, and that democracy will bring peace. His tendency has been to look at the building and maintenance of peace from a top down approach, where the political structure and political ideological apparatus are enforced. In other words, he looks to providing a mechanism which will allow the rational public to go on the tendencies of the militant minority from dragging the state to war. However, from the ideas of Carr, Angell and Zimmern, such a mechanism would not function effectively against war unless the public mind can be first conditioned through a conform to educational system emphasizing co-operation and peace.1 David Long, Conclusion Interwar idealism, liberal internationalism and contemporary international theory. Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis Inter-war idealism reassessed. p. 303, pp. 306-307.2 Quoted in E. H. Carrs inaugural speech in the University College of Wales. Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace world(prenominal) Affairs (Royal Institute of transnational Affairs 1931-1939). Vol. 15. No. 6. (Nov- regrets 1936), p. 846.3 Mortime r Chambers, et al. The Western Experience Vol C The Modern Era. pp. 892-8934 A. J. P. Taylor, From Sarajevo to Potsdam. capital of the United Kingdom Thames Hudson 1966 pp. 103-1065 Peter Wilson. gateway The Twenty Years Crisis and the Category of Idealism in International Relations. David Long Peter Wilson. (ed.) Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis Inter-war idealism reassessed. Oxford Oxford University Press 1995. p.16 Carrs term utopians is generally taken to refer to the idealists, though he does not clearly define who he considers to be utopians.7 Wilson, Introduction, p. 12. Wilson adapted the equation from Hedley Bull, The Twenty Crisis Thirty Years On, International Journal, Issue 24, Vol. 4 (1969), p. 627-8. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis 1919-1939. New York Harper (1946) 1964. pp. 11-21.8 Brian C. Schmidt. Lessons from the Past reassessing the Interwar disciplinal History of International Relations. International Studies Quarterly (1998) 42. p 4529 Andreas Osiande r, Rereading aboriginal Twentieth Century IR theory Idealism Revisited, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Sep.,1998). p. 41710 Paul Rich, Alfred Zimmerns Catious Idealism the League of Nations, International Education, and the Commonwealth. Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis Inter-war idealism reassessed. p.88 Peter Wilson, Carr and his Early Crtics responses to the Twenty Years Crisis. Michael Cox (ed). E. H. Carr A precise appraisal. New York Palgrave 2000. p. 167.11 J. D. Miller. Norman Angell and Rationality in International Relations. Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis Inter-war idealism reassessed. pp. 116, 119.12 Alfred Zimmern, Learning and Leadership a study of the needs and possibilities of international intellectual co-operation. London Oxford University Press 1928. p. 10 p. 82.13 Carr, Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace pp. 857-858.14 Norman Angell, Peace and the Public Mind. June 12, 1935. http//www.nobel.se/cgi-bin/print. March 24, 2004.15 E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis. pp. 132-133 pp. 67-7516 Norman Angell Peace and the Public Mind. para. 1917 quoted in E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis. p 24.18 Ibid. p. 26 p. 4119 The line of reasoning here is tied to the idea of an international game theory, which due to practical constraints cannot be covered here. The argument is made in line with Robert Jervis theory on international behaviour in his Cooperation Under guarantor Dilemma World Politics. Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jan, 1978), pp.167-214.20 Stephen van Evera, Why co-operation failed in 1914. World Politics, Vol. 38. No. 1 (Oct, 1985). p. 8121 Christian Reus-Smit, The Strange Death of Liberal International Theory. European Journal of International Law. Vol. 12. No. 3. pp. 578-9.22 J. D. Miller. Norman Angell and the Futility of War Peace and the public mind. London Macmillian 1986. pp/ 124-125.23 Norman Angell. Peace and the Public mind. para. 1724 Norman Angell. Europes Optical Illusion. London Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent , 1909(?)24-40 The Great IllusionA study of the relation of military power to national advantage. London William Heinemann 1913. pp. 26-40.25 Andreas Osiander, Rereading Early Twentieth Century IR theory p. 41726 Alfred Zimmern, Learning and Leadership. p. 11.27 Alfred Zimmern, The Problem with Collective Security (ed) Q. Wright. Neutrality and Collective Security. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1936. p. 8.28 Ibid.29 E. H. Carr, Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace. p. 854.30 E. H. Carr. The Twenty Years Crisis. pp. 208-22331 Alfred Zimmern Learning and Leadership. p. 2232 Norman Angell, The Great Illusion. 1913. pp. 200-221.33 Alfred Zimmern, The Decline of International StandardsInternational Affiars (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939). Vol 17. No. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1938), p. 21.34 Norman Angell, The Great Illusion. P. 32735 Norman Angell, Popular Education and International Affairs International Affairs (Royal Institute of International affairs 1931-1939) Vol. 11, No. 3 (May 1932), p. 32336 Ibid, p 335-338, 33837 Alfred Zimmern Learning and Leadership. p. 26-6038 E. H. Carr. What is History? New York , St. Martins Press , 1961 p 19039 Ibid.40 Ibid p. 195. Propaganda is associated with the emotive and not with reason.41 E. H. Carr. Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace. p. 861.

PATHSHALA -LIVING THE DREAM Essay Example for Free

PATHSHALA -LIVING THE DREAM EssayPATHSHALA-LIVING THE DREAMYou see things say Why? plainly I dream of things that never were and say Why not? Bernard ShawThis idea clicked me when I joined my CA guardianships and MBA coaching classes. I was so frustrated going from cardinal shopping center to other to study for my CA intermediate exam and MBA coaching classes. I had my cost tuition in north but assess tuition in south, accounts I had in delinquent east but financial management in utmost east and sometimes I had just 20 minutes gap for traveling and lunch. I had two or three tuitions of three hours each, daily. I was just pissed off with my regular routine. So I was wondering whether the problem is with me or everyone is facing the same problem. I with my friends wanted to research about this problem and what the student wants.After research I found that students in the metro today ar expression out to build their cargoner and they dont compromise it anyhow, they want best tuition and institutes to leaven themselves. Also students today are looking forward to get best professors in respective field to teach them. They have to travel a lot because one tuition they are having in east and other in the north. So lot of time is wasted in traveling and they dont have much gap in tuition timings so they even have to skip their meals or even if they have time they have to go home and again pack the bags for evening tuition that means wastage of time and notes in traveling. Students are not able to take multiple courses due to lack of timing because of wastage of time due to traveling from one tuition to other.Even parents are upset about their health and meals. Many times they have to skip their meals or else have to eat quarrel food whatever is available to them in short time. They even dont get say where they can sit together and discuss things with their friends or have group studies.The main idea is to toy all the tutors and MBA coaching insti tutes at one localize so that its a final rest for all students. I have seen students running from one centre to other to enroll themselves to get registered if the seat are full they get frustrated and have to look at some other place again they have to check the availability of lay. It really so much frustration that we think why we joined CA or CS or CFA, etc. students are just fed up with all this and they want to get everything under one roof where they have best of professors and MBA coaching institutes at one place. Also they should be library or reading room and fast food centre so that they dont have to go here and there and waste time. They all are looking for everything to the comfort at one place and believe me they are ready to throw money for that.It was this need for something more something different that I wanted to serve to the students. The PATHSHALA my project where I will win the experience, the ambience, and the service STUDENTS are looking out for.Objecti vesThe bracing experience, the ambience, the service the students are looking for keeping in mind basic needs, health and quality. A website www.pathshala.com would also be launched providing all the inside information of professors, courses, timings, availability of seats and online registration too.Concept Why?The main reasons for choosing this conceptProviding total solution to students.Cater to the health of the studentsThe students in the metro today are looking out for something more. We are giving them a different/new experience.MissionI want toChange the meaning of educationImpart best education construct the infrastructure with international standards.Save time and costGive a new lifestyleWe are here to serve intelligence, quality, hygiene, health, freshness experience.Keys to SuccessThe keys to my success are as followsBest tutors and MBA coaching classes. military service our students needs promptly and efficiently.Maintain a professional image at all times.PATHSHALA wou ld be set at strategic locations convenient to students. Providing education, library, and fast food centre and gaming zone at one place. A place that will motivate students to zeal in life.A website www.pathshala.com giving all details and online registration.FeasibilityInstitute will be first launched in Kolkata, my home town.A venture of Rs 10 crores.Main challenge is to get the place in the heart of the city. Each and everything to be formal at one go.Expected to cover every cost within two years.Once the institute is established we can move to others Metros.

Management Case Study Essay Example for Free

Management reference Study EssayThe case study below takes place at the Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospitals cafeteria, which is experiencing problems with the transport management. Due to the new management under taken by Keith Davis, there was a study result of inadequate intercourse channels, as Keith told his employees what to do rather than consult them, especially with the decision- do. The best choice to rectify this problem is for Keith to adjust to a consultative management style, in order for employees to take ownership in their oeuvre through and through draw outing their opinions and tincture to a greater extent valued, however still kicking Keith to still make the final decision. Another major field addressed in the Cafeteria was the amount of unmotivated lag. As employees feel unsatisfied with their change state, the best root to this issue is Goal Setting. Through employees setting strategic goals they for energise increase their indigence through achiev ement of these goals which pull up stakes lead them to set to a greater extent challenging ones. Lastly, the third major issue recognised was Keiths shortsighted leading skills which made it difficult for employees to fulfil expectations and find enjoyment in the workplace.The best alternative solution for this problem is to retrain Keiths leaders abilities so he is able to adopt all the qualities requisite to become a part leader in his managing role. Although this whitethorn be an expensive method, the new lead qualities Keith will select will make a happier work environment for his employees and build a better employer/employee relationship. 3. Problem identification Poor communication channelsKeith foc commits on top down communication channels, providing a one way communication which is from him to his employees, rather than two-way which renders his employees to communicate ideas with him. This negatively impacts the hospital as the Keith is unable(p) to discuss prob lems or ask questions amongst employees to see if there atomic number 18 any problems going on amongst the workers and whence leading to job dissatisfaction employees. Although Keith tried to soothe Julia when the issue between her and Madison was brought to his attention, he did not get along it up or treat it as an importance.Lack of staff motivation Prior to Keiths managing, Annes original foundations of complacence and close family ties seemed to motivate the employees at Sir Charles Wilberforce hospital. Keiths changes were made to become more efficient, employees were left hand struggling to gain satisfaction and motivation in order for themselves to achieve their hierarchy of needs (Maslow, 1954). In this hierarchy of needs Maslow intermited, employees have five needs, physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualisation, once they fulfil one of their needs they asshole alum to the next one to fulfil it and so on.Without fulfilling the social needs of forming social ties or self-actualisation of gaining enough pass within the kitchen to become a supervisor, it became unknown to the employees of what they are capable of and decreased their enticements to make love childbeds and feel satisfied. lacking(p) lead abilities Keith lacks major leadership qualities, as the organisational layout he uses is to tell employees what to do, depriving them of guidance and support. The Hersey Situations leadership model suggests that leadership focuses on followers readiness (Hersey, Blanc heavy(a) Johnson, 2001).This theory suggests that at Sir Charles Wilberforce, if the employees feel they are unable to complete a task Keith should give those clear and specific instructions. If they are willing and confident Keith needs to provide them display high task orientation, and if employees feel able but are unwilling Keith would need to use a supportive near. Lack of team upwork The teamwork environment of delegating tasks amongst of employees was not addressed by Keith. He believed that employees needed to finish work on time, plan menus monthly and take on cleaning responsibilities, whereas, theuse of team work would have provided a better suited time managed system. Through having apiece employee assist with cleaning duties, planning menus, helping out another if time was short as substantially as assisting individually other to get all food out and made the kitchen would be less chaotic. This would have assist with issues if someone was ill, allowing more than one person to prepare greater portions of meals. 4. Statement of Major Problems The three major problems that are brought to the attention at Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital are shortsighted communication channels Unmotivated staff substandard leadership abilities The poor communication channel Keith utilises is top-down communication from Keith to his employees. As this is a workplace that depends on seeking ideas from others and support from each other, two way communications between Keith and his employees is necessary. This will allow employees to feel part of the decision making and feel they screw share their ideas to break the workplace. Following this Keith moldiness then improve his leadership skills, putting his employees first and assisting them with any help and support they need in order to achieve a positive workplace.This may view Keith revising the organisations culture, or distinguishing the strength and weakness of each employee so he knows how to assist each of them. Once Keiths leadership abilities are improved, staff motivation must be identified and given, in order for employees to become ample within the kitchen and gain job satisfaction, increasing their abilities and allowing them to feel the want to work. 5. Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Solutions Inadequate communication channels Regular work meetingsSet regular meetings within the kitchen, in order to concerns amongst employees to be discussed as we as evaluation on how the business is going and openly discuss slipway to improve or maintain it. Advantages Allows for feedback Employees after part listen to each persons idea and encourages discussion openly Evaluate the earnings to the previous week and that time the previous year, allowing each person to suggest ways to improve or maintain their profit margins. Disadvantages Some employees may not attendMay be time consuming to discuss all ideas informative management style Implement a Consultative management style in order to increase two-way and open communication between Keith and the employees. Advantages Allows employees to feel ownership in decision making Allows employees to share their ideas and opinions Gives confidence to employees Disadvantages Employees may feel held back to express their opinions because they do not feel comfortable Employees may feel offended if their ideas are not taken into consideration Time consumingUnmotivated staff Goal setting Imple ment setting goals, which involve employees setting goals that motivate them to improve their capabilities. Advantages Gives self-satisfaction Increases productivity and exertion levels Disadvantages Time consuming to distinguish attach and achievable goals Goals ay appear as unattainable and lead to employees to give up put-on design Mr Dev cease alter the job design to assist in attaining and correcting any deficiencies that affect performance and motivation. AdvantagesJob enlargement, can be used to increase motivation by giving employees more and varied tasks so the employee is motivation to try new tasks Job rotation allows an employee to work in variant departments or jobs in an presidency to gain better insight into operations make the employee to increase his/her skills and friendship about other jobs. Disadvantages Job enrichment may lead the employee transferred too much responsibility in the kitchen and independence in the planning and pull strings aspects of th e job which may suppress motivation levels Reward and RecognitionEvaluating each employee to identify which people are performing to their maximum, and rewarding them financially or non-financially for their hard work, therefore motivating other employees to improve their work standards. Advantages Employees will increase performance to obtain more rewards Will produce higher standards amongst the employees Self- enrichment Disadvantages Expensive to pass purchasing rewards and reassess each employee to recognise After a while employees may feel that rewards may not motivate them anymore Keith may not want to undertake the idea of rewarding and recognising employeesInsufficient leadership abilities Retrain Keith Retraining programs for Keith within the company or externally will allow Keith to get down better leadership qualities and create a happier workplace. Advantages Positively effects employees to feel trust and support from Keith Keith can evaluate themselves as to what ski lls are expected to lead the employees Disadvantages May take a while for Keith to learn and adapt to these skills May be expensive Dismiss Keith Dismissing Keith will demolish the issue of poor leadership abilities and will allow the business to replace him with a more experienced coach-and-four.Advantages Re-appoint a new tutor who possess all correct leadership skills Employees are in a happier environment where they can get the support they need More time appropriate and efficient than retraining Disadvantages May be hard to find a replacement Employees may find it hard to adapt to a new manager and may be resistant to give them a chance due to their bad experience with Keith 6. tribute Consultative management style A Consultative management style is the recommended alternative for Keith to address to his employees.The character of management style used by Keith at this point is autocratic, which involves him making decisions for the hospital kitchen unilaterally. Although r egular meetings are a good alternative by providing mediation and assistant towards employees, the consultative management style involves a permanent change to the organisation. The consultative style would involve Keith discussing ideas of possible changes to be made within the kitchen, as well as employees being able to give their opinions and ideas.By implementing a consultative management style, employees at the cafeteria will be able to perform to their optimum level, concentrating on increasing common sense approach for Keith to meet the needs and wants of the employees, as well as making employees realise their own abilities and capabilities in performing tasks, (McClelland, 1987). Similarly to regular meetings, the consultative approach gives open communication, however inappropriate meetings the consultative approach is more permanent in the workplace and is used daily, for example in decision making, gaining assistance with a task or getting support with a concern.This wi ll benefit the kitchen, as the employees will respond more positively to any changes to feel more a part of the workplace and a sense of belonging. Keith will benefit from this style, as he will be given a broader range of ideas as well as maintain his authority to make the final decision. Goal Setting Setting goals is the preferred alternative for Keith to use within the kitchen. Despite the fact being rewarded motivates someone to maintain if not improve performance to be rewarded again, goal setting gives motivation. Goal setting enables employees to measure their affectes and work performance.This enables employees to gain feedback on their results, unlike rewards and recognition which just motivates employees to try harder to gain another reward rather than possessing the want to gain the self-satisfaction that they have improved. Edward Lockes theory of goal setting outlines that in setting specific and challenging goals it enables process and outcome improvement (Locke Lath am, 1990). Similarly, job design suggests a different form of motivating to increase their skills of different tasks, however it also does hold the ability to measure the improvement that setting goals do.If goal setting is accommodate by Keith, his employees would be able to achieve towards a higher performance, as well as motivating them to set higher goals with increasingly difficult tasks, once they have been achieved. Through Maslows hierarchy of needs, this can assist in setting goals with Locke and Lathams theory. Maslow theory suggests that although no need is every fully satisfied, a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates an individual to satisfy that need (Robbins, Bergmann, Stagg and Coulter, 2012, p559).This suggests that in identifying each need, physiological safety social esteem and self-actualisation, employees at sir Charles Wilberforce can pinpoint what tasks they need to complete in order to graduate to the next level. For example one of the employees m ay find that they feel they dont belong, in order to achieve this level they can set a goal to form relations with other employees on a professional basis. Once this goal is achieved they can move on to develop their esteem needs. Retraining KeithAlthough, retraining Keith may be considered a time consuming process, compared to the alternative of dismissing Keith, it appears to be a more logical approach. Through retraining, Keith is able to gain leadership skills that he may not be aware are essential skills he needs in order to be a manager. This will transform him from telling his employees what to do, to instead assisting and guiding them through changes. Despite the expenses of this method, it may also be difficult for Keith to cooperate as well as understand the concept of these skills however unlike dismissing, he will be able to improve and allow for a happier work.The trait theory suggests that it is impossible to identify and isolate characteristics from leaders from non-l eaders. However there are seven traits associated with leadership, these being drive, the desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, job-relevant knowledge and extraversion, (Robbins, 2012, p605). Eventually with the retraining, Keith may possess these seven leadership abilities to involve his employees in decision making process and form a trust bond.