Social Phobia

mixer disquiet Disorder sociable Phobia The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of kind Disorders defines affectionate perplexity bother as a marked and stubborn idolize of affectionate or perfor troopsce situations in which embarrassment whitethorn occur (DSM). Exposure to these situations provokes an immediate solicitude response such as a panic attack (DSM). In order to be diagnosed, terror or avoidance of these situations mustiness interfere significantly with the persons normal routines, occupational or academic functioning, companionable activities or relationships, or a person must experience marked distress almost having the phobic neurosis (DSM).In 400 B. C. , Hippocrates draw a young man that displayed the symptoms of a complaisant fear disorder. He dargon not flummox in company for fear he should be misused, disgraced, overshoot himself in gesture or speeches, or be sick he thinks any man observes him (Burton 2009). Throughout the 20th century, psychiatri sts described extremely shy unhurrieds as having societal phobia and complaisant neurosis. British psychiatrists Isaac Marks and Michael Gelder proposed that social phobias be considered a distinct category separate from other simple phobias (Hope, Heimberg, Juster, & Turk 2005).In 1980, the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders introduced social phobia as an official psychiatric diagnosis. Social phobia was described as a fear of performance situations, but did not allow in fears of informal situations such as casual conversations or social situations. Patients with openhanded fears were likely to be diagnosed with avoidant reputation disorder, which could not be diagnosed in coalition with social phobia (Weiner, Freedheim, Freedheim, Reynolds, Miller, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, & Nelson 2003).In 1985, psychiatrist Michael Liebowitz and psychologist Richard Heimberg initiated a call to implement for explore on soci al phobia (Weiner, Freedheim, Freedheim, Reynolds, Miller, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, & Nelson 2003). Due to the inadequacy of research on social dread disorder, the disorder came to be known by galore(postnominal) as the neglected disturbance disorder (Weiner, Freedheim, Freedheim, Reynolds, Miller, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, & Nelson 2003).In 1987, the DSM-III-R introduces changes in some of the diagnostic criteria. To diagnosis social anxiety disorder the symptoms must cause interference or marked distress rather than scarce significant distress. It in any case became possible to diagnose social phobia and avoidant personality disorder in the same patient (Weiner, Freedheim, Freedheim, Reynolds, Miller, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, & Nelson 2003).In 1994, the DSM-IV was released, and the disorder was outlined as a marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is open(a) to unfamiliar people or possible scrutiny by others (Weiner, Freedheim, Freedheim, Reynolds, Miller, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, Nelson, Gallagher, & Nelson 2003). The etiology of social anxiety disorder is largely attributed to inheritables, and environmental circumstanceors. Family studies of individuals with social anxiety disorder show a higher incidence of the disorder than that embed in the general population, and a twin study found a concordance rate of 15. % in dizygotes and a 24. 4% concordance in monozygotes (Kedler, Neale, Kessler, Heath & Eaves 1992. ). Of course, there is very little evidence that the genetic factors attributed to social anxiety disorder extend beyond the link between environmental factors since there is very little evidence of neurobiological factors. Other than the fact that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective treatments for social anxiety disorder, there is little evidence to implicate dysfunction of the seroto nergic system (Jefferson 2001. . The lack of empirical data identifying neurobiological factors in causing the encroachment of social anxiety disorder is best stated in a recite by Dr. Murray B. Stein, a Professor of Psychiatry and Family & Preventive Medicine at the University of California San Diego, It is clear that we cast off a long way to go beforehand we can speak with authority about the neurobiology of social phobia (Stein 1998. ) at that placefore, environmental factors remain the most referred to etiological agent in the onset of social anxiety disorder.Parenting traits such as over control, lack of passion or rejection, and overprotection are known to be comraded with the etiology of social anxiety disorder (Brooks, & Schmidt 2008). Some individuals with social anxiety disorder associate its onset with a specific social event or fundamental interaction that was particularly embarrassing or humiliating. Such a circumstance could be considered an adverse conditioning stimulus (Jefferson 2001). There is further evidence that paltry results from quality of life assessments can be attributed to social anxiety disorder.Individuals with major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder have substantially poorer quality of life than community comparison cohorts. In many cases, the quality-of-life impairments associated with these anxiety disorders are equal to or greater than those seen with other chronic medical disorders (Rapaport, Clary, Fayyad, & Endicott 2005). Social anxiety disorder is a unwashed disorder. The life-time prevalence of SAD is somewhere between 7% and 13% in Western countries (Furmark 2002).Furthermore, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that social anxiety disorder is the most widespread of all the anxiety disorders, and the third most common psychiatric disorder after major depression and alcohol debase (Brooks, & Schmidt 2008). Therapy and medication are th e most common treatments for social anxiety disorder. cognitive behavioral therapy is the most utilized form of psychotherapy, and has been found to be successful in seventy-five percent of patients (Social anxiety disorder, 2009).This type of therapy focuses on reminding the patient that it is their own thoughts, not other people or situations, that dress how they behave or react (Social anxiety disorder, 2009). In therapy, the patient is taught how to recognize and change the negative thoughts they have about themselves (Social anxiety disorder, 2009). Exposure therapy is also a common form of treatment for social anxiety disorder. In this type of therapy, the patient is little by little exposed to situations that they fear most (Social anxiety disorder, 2009).Exposure therapy enables the patient to learn make out techniques, and develop the courage to face them (Social anxiety disorder, 2009). The patient is also exposed to role-playing with emphasis on developing the skills to cope with different social situations in a safe environment (Social anxiety disorder, 2009). There are several medications used to treat social anxiety disorder. These medications are typically serotonin reuptake inhibitors including Paxil, Zoloft, and Prozac (Social anxiety disorder, 2009).A serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) drug such as Venlafaxine whitethorn also be used as a first-line therapy for social anxiety disorder (Social anxiety disorder, 2009). Typically, the patient begins with a low dosage, and is gradually increased to a full dosage, to minimize side effects (Social anxiety disorder, 2009). It may take up to three months of treatment before the patient begins to have noticeable reformment of symptoms (Social anxiety disorder, 2009). Social anxiety disorder remains a largely misunderstood, and under researched, disorder. pulse by means of increased clinical research, in depth understanding through treatment, and stricter guidelines for proper dia gnosis are positive indications that Psychology has recognized the debilitating effects of social anxiety disorder on patients. In time, clinicians provide be better prepared to treat patients suffering from this disorder, and will improve the lives of patients. References Brooks, C. A. , & Schmidt, L. A. (2008). Social anxiety disorder a review of environmental jeopardize factors. Neuropsychiatr Disease and Treatment, 4(1), Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. ih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515922/ Burton, Robert. (2009). The Anatomy of melancholy. Charlottesville, VA The University of Virginia. Furmark T. (2002). Social phobia overview of community surveys, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/11939957 Hope, Debra, Heimberg, Richard, Juster, Harlan, & Turk, Cynthia. (2005). Managing social anxiety. modernistic York, NY Oxford Univ Pr. Jefferson, J. W. (2001). Physicians postgraduate press, inc.. Primary Care Companion to the Journ al of Clinical Psychiatry, 3(1), Retrieved from http//www. cbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC181152/ Kedler, K. S. , Neale, M. C. , Kessler, R. C. , Heath, A. C. , and Eaves, L. J. (1992) The genetic epidemiology of phobias in women the interrelationship of agoraphobia, social phobia, situational phobia, and simple phobia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. Rapaport, M. H. , Clary, C, Fayyad, R, & Endicott, J. (2005). Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(6), Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/9861470 Social anxiety disorder (social phobia). (2009). Mayoclinic. com.Retrieved (2010, April 25), Retrieved from http//www. mayoclinic. com/health/social-anxiety-disorder/DS00595/DSECTION=treatments%2Dand%2Ddrugs Stein, M. B. (1998). neurobiological perspectives on social phobia from affiliation to zoology. Biological Psychiatry, 44(12), Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/9861470 Weiner, Irving, Freedheim , Donald, Freedheim, Donald, Reynolds, William, Miller, Gloria, Gallagher, Michela, Nelson, Randy, Gallagher, Michela, Nelson, Randy, Gallagher, Michela, & Nelson, Randy. (2003). Handbook of psychology. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons Inc.