Report About 3G And 4G Technologies

composition About 3G And 4G TechnologiesWrite a report about 3G and 4G technologies. Your report should deny The main (both in definition and technic on the wholey) differences amid 3G and 4G. Are they both administering the identical things? The main attri allow fordes and differences betwixt WiMax and LTE. Which kind of companies argon implementing which type of engineering science? under what circumstances would ace be prefer adapted over the opposite? addiction on underlying infrastructure.You must submit the seizement via safe assign under blackboard and also via the registry.Introduction radiocommunication communication is expose of todays earth and is greatly in demand as such resources are preferred in todays world and so the sales are increase day by day with equipment which involves receiving set communication. The G which means generation, in the technology today amongst ph integritys covers the technology improvement in the last a few(prenominal) decades . The first industrious phone technology started with 1G which involved analogue technology. In the early 1990s the succeeding(a) generation of communication substantial named 2G which was in a digital technology which also had text messaging with the estimation of SIM cards coming into practice. SIM is short for (Subscriber Identity Module). Other technologies that evolved were CDMA(Code parting ten-fold vex) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The next generation which fol belittleded made the selective information flowing better, fashioning it potential to carry information such as websites as how they were origin all in ally. In 3G technology the iPhone has become the latest.As of today the agreement of 4G technology has non yet been established. It has been planned to digest fast transfer rushs and should have easily security. Something else that the 4G technology should meet is that it should reduce blips in transfer of the cheat when miserable be tween polar net profits. The 4G mobile earnings should also be able to subprogram the networks wish come up the ones on the internet with IP direct outes.4G mobile is non yet implemented as an approved set of standards, so its characteristics are at present simply goals rather than requirements. As intumesce as considerably desired increasing information transfer speeds, 4G mobile as rise up as should aim improved security measures, When a device moves one place to other place between this area cover by different network reduce the blips in transmittance is the nearly other goal .4G mobile networks should also handling a network establish on the IP phone form used for the internet.Two major systems utilise 4G technologies are WiMax and Long Term Evolution. WiMax began testing its 4G technology in Baltimore in 2008. The opposite system LTE was expected to be ready to be tested in 2010 and is expected to be ready for use in 2013.All this information above is desc ribed in detail in this research. All the topics covered above are broadened downstairs.3G3G technology comes with better features than former mobile network technologies. It has transmission which is at steep speed, better mul cartridge holderdia price of admission as well as connection globally.3G used with mobile phones a connects the phone with the internet and other IP connections which allow congresswoman as well as video calls to be finded. Not and this but also helps to download and surf the internet.From lower mobile technologies, 3G technology has blueer(prenominal) data speed, better audio and video access, video label support, Web use at quicker speeds and TV by means of the Internet.In 3G networks the transfer speed is between 128 and 144 kbps for devices that are fast and 384 kbps for sulky ones. Wireless fixed LANs have a sped beyond 2Mbps. W-CDMA,TD-SCDMA, piano tuner local area network and boothular radio, among others are some of the technologies that 3G complicates.1WCDMAThe third-generation Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) allow for be able to go to sleep high data steps of up to 384 kb/s at widearea applications or even 2 Mb/s within . This is achieved by using wide-bandwidth signals with Code- partitioning for five-fold Access (W-CDMA). The user data are multiplied by a fast pseudorandom spreading place before phase modulating the radio-frequency (RF) carrier. The resulting signals which are then broadcast have a bandwidth of approximately 4.5 MHz.ParameterW-CDMAUplink1920-1980 MHzDownlink2110-2170 MHzAccessDS-CDMA duplex numberFDDModulationQPSKPulse shapingRoot-raised cos,Chip rate = 022User data rate384 kb/s 2 Mb/sBandwidth/channel5MHzMax. output power21 dBm (Class IV)TD-SCDMAIt was proposed by the chinaware Wireless Telecommunication Standards group to the ITU in 1999.60MHz has been uncommunicative for CDMA2000 and UMTS, but TD-SCDMA has reserved 155MHz.In common with UMTS-TDD,TD-SCDMA does not require separate uplink and downlink and offer speeds from as low as 1.2kbps up to 2 Mbps. Uplink and downlink traffic sewer be transferred in the same frame but in different time time slots, and at that place ignore be up to 16 codes allocated per slot, more time slot can be give to downlink transfer than in the uplink. This allocation of time slots is dynamic and if a symmetric allocation is required, which is usually the case for a telephone call, then this bequeath also be allocated the required resources. The tokenish frequency band required for this system is 1.6 MHz and the chip rate is 1.28Mcps.it does not have soft handover mechanism but has a system kindred to GSM whither the mobile device are tightly synchronized to the network, and it is from here that the term syschronous is derived. it is designed to work with a GSM core network is similar way to WCDMA and can also use the UTRAN signalling stack when it is deployed as a complementary technology. The frame is 5 m s rather than 10ms in WCDMA and kick downstairs into seven slot.2.4GThe future system technology of 4G should bring something that is very enchancing when compared to the precedent technologies. 4G yet does not have a meaning as it has not yet been established. However the current aspires for it are as followssystem interoperability- pliable interoperability of the mis cellphoneaneous kind of existing radiocommunication network, such as satellite, cellular radio, WLAN, goat god and system for wireless access to the fixed network. It ability to roam between multiple wireless and mobile standards. Due to the interoperability of different mobile and wireless network with the same terminal we can identify the iii possible configuration. There are1.Multimode terminals-this is obviously achieved by incorporating multiple interfaces to the terminal, one for the access rules of every different kind of wireless network. The ability to use umpteen access methods result enable user s to use a maven device to access the 4G network irrespective of the particular access method used.2.Overlay network- In this architecture user go away access the 4G network by means of and through the Access Points of an overall network. The AP allow perform protocol deracination and Qos negotiation for the connections. Since APs can monitor the resource used by a user, this architecture supports single billing and subscription.3.Common access protocol-this choice calls for use one or two standard access protocol by the wireless networks. A possible option is for the wireless networks to use both ATM cells with additional headers or WATM cells.Terminal bandwidth and battery life- proximo generation network pass on be covering a magnanimous range of banwidths from about a couple of kbps to about 100 Mbps or above. The battery life is expected to be about a week. This testament happen with a reduction of the size of the battery.Packet-switched fixed network.-This 4G technolo gy will use wireless IP found fixed networks which will be able to connect the mobiles with the wireless networks effectively.Varying quality of bandwidth for wireless access-Having a range of networks together will cause it to overlap with other networks. Due to where they are, the user will be abl to use different qualities of wireless by the change of bandwidth.Distribution layerThis layer of the network will be able to help with digital video as well as broadcasting and collect to a groovy insurance coverage will cover all areas.electric cellular layerThis layer of the wireless network will give a load of content providing many users as well as provide peachy coverage in super populated areas. It will allow data sizes of over 2 Mbps. The cell size will also be humiliated compared to the distribution layer, and will support good mobility.Hot-spot layerThis layer will help with good service over a short distance. It will include WLAN systems like IEEE 802.11 and HIPERLAN. This layer will not provide great coverage in particular as it is a short distance even roaming should be available.Personal network layerThis layer will include wireless connection however in short ranges say through the use of Bluetooth. Mobility will be less but roaming should be available. fit(p) layersThis layer uses an access system which is fixed.Advanced base pointsIn the future for networks, the advanced smart antennas will make the capacity big as well as base stations having self-configuration not motivationing the posit for takement. This would reduce costs. They will include a good range of terminals. gamy data ratesThe 3G system will be changed using what it has already to form the new 4G generation. The 4G generation will offer higher speed than the 3G generation.The introduction of 4G needs specific targets which are named above. To get to these targets, 4G needs the theme on how to achieve this which is explained in detail below.1.How 4G worksIn the network s which have the 4G wireless technology, each one will be given an IP address which will have a home IP address and an address which represents its real location. When the computer in the Internet wants to communicate with another device perhaps a mobile phone in the wireless network. The computer will be able to accuse packets to the IP address of the 4G technology getting to know the home address too.To the phones address, the directory will send the packet through a tunnel, or a mobile IP, whilst on the meantime the directory server would also let the computer know that the phones address is correct. After this the other packets can be sent. The use of4G-IP address (IPv6) is that it will be able to carry more info than in the yesteryear with the IP address (IPv4). In this IP address, software can use them to tell the differences between services and to communicate with network areas of different sorts. This could be with the computer and the phones network. An example includes Moreover which uses 4G technology not only has this transmission way but also uses OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA, UWB *7 and Network-LMDS.4Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing abbreviated as OFDM, passes on figures on a great touchstone through a radio pluck. Changing the radio signal into many small signals then transferred at the same time through different frequencies to the receiver is the method in which this is carried out. OFDM is a digital technology through modulation which increase strength of these signal this is good for high digital data transition. This is a great digital technology method in which through the process of modulation increases the strength of the signal and is good for a transition of high quality digital data.2Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing simple functionIn this time, users might have a good question about how theses waves targeted the correct destination. A OFDM makes the radio wave target the right place though a couple of devices whic h are wireless, which make a connection tunnel when they start communication. After connecting the target, the radio wave splits into smaller signals which have the correct direction towards the target.MS-CDMA stands for Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access, which is actually OFDM with a CDMA overlay. The users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes to differentiate users in MS-CDMA and single-carrier CDMA systems. It allows flexible system design between cellular system and signal cell system. However, in MC-CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes, where the data isspread in time or frequency.LAS-CDMA the shortened form for macroscopical Area Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access, is made through by LinkAir Communication which is basically wireless technology through the developed 4G technology. LAS-CDMA makes voice capacity better, with high speed and the latest original effect called Code-Division Duplex (CDD) which combines the LAS-CDMA technology with the gr eater data transmission type of Time-Division Duplex (TDD).This combination makes Code-Division Duplex to be very spectrally efficient as well as having high speed available today as a great system. LAS-CDMA is seen as being the great 4G technologys World Cell. If two wireless devices for instance are a quite big distance aside then using this protocol which has IPv6 to create the connection.In the 4G world, UWB radio which solves the multi-path weaken matters through its clever use of electrical impulses which has all frequencies at one time. Due to its low-power condition though, this UWB cannot be used outside of being indoors or underground. UWB should be used however with OFDM which cal transfer digital data on a large scale. This is positive though as the UWB would be running insides equally as the OFDM runs outside which means that the signal can stay strong. UWB also needs to be used in small distances inside the buildings through 4G technology. The wideband technology whic h is wireless used to carry video, data Internet as well as voice in 25 GHz is the Network-LMDS Local Multipoint distribution system. This method makes sure all these things are carried together at once, and this can be the result in the fading issue locally. 4Differences between 3G and 4GThe main factors in which 3G and 4G technologies vary is due to their services, their ways of transmission, access to the web, the rates of transfer, security as well as quality. 3G technology can only carry upto the speed of about and up to 2 Mbps however 4G technology can go much higher to a better speed. 4G technologies can provide global connection whereas for 3G markets it is problematical to roam globally. Technology which uses 4G can provide global roaming at a lower price. 3g is based on the notion through circuits and packets through things like WCDMA, CDMA and TD-SDMA. However 4G uses the use of packets.As mentioned above about the differentiation between the 3G and 4G, this has been bro adened in the tab le below.Feature3G wireless technology4G Wireless technologySpeedUp to 2MbpsFull-mobility up to 100MbpsLow-mobilityup to 1GbpsService laborious of global roamingExpensivegood for voice transmissionroaming smoothly low-pricedgood for any type of transmissionCore NetworkWide-area fancyCircuit and packet shiftingbroadband IP-basedEntirely packet switchingTechnologiesWCDMACDMATD-SDMAAll access convergenceMainOFDMMC-CDMALAS-CDMAUWBNetwork-LMPSWimaxWimax which stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access was made to give a ordinary structure for wireless connectivity in permanent, moveable, and mobile environments. WiMAX is a wireless technology intended to give high throughput over a distance.It gives the quick broadband of link. It also provides wireless access which reduces costs which involves the fibre and making buildings. It has a range that goes beyond WiFi.A WiMAX uses two heavilyware components a WiMAX tower as well as WiMAX receiver. This tow er covers a 30 mile radius. The tower joins to the Internet using a wide connection through a wireline, or it offers a wireless link to other WiMAX towers with Line Of Site (LOS for short) microwave links. The receiver could be anything.NLOS (non-line of sight in wax) connections join devices to the tower using a frequency range of 2-11 GHz as low wavelength signals are strong. LOS connections however do not cover as large area but covers and area of 4-6 miles.QoS is the aspect in a technology to deliver high bandwidth services. Examples of such include VoIP and IP video services as well as other services as such. To provide such QoS service, the WiMax need to make sure they have a low latency.4WiMAX security is define in the Privacy Sub-layer in the MAC Layer, as specified by WiMAX standards. Fixed WiMAX (802.16-2004) typically uses X.509 certificates for authentication and 56-bit Digital Encryption System (DES), spell Mobile WiMAX (802.16e-2005) uses EAP for authentication and Advanced Encryption System (AES) for encryption. Both employ Privacy Key Management (PKM) for authentication between base station and subscriber station.59.LTELong Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology made by the Third Generation Partnership Project.LTE has many benefits for not only the consumer but also the workers tooPerformance and capacity one request that the LTE is to provide downlink rates of a minimum of 100Mbit/s and needs the technology to allow for speeds that are over 200Mbit/s.Simplicity 1. From below 5MHz up to 20MHz, LTE supports carrier bandwidths. LTE also supports both FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex). ten dollar bill paired and four unpaired spectrum bands have so far been place by 3GPP for LTE. it is easiest to deploy 10MHz or 20MHz carriers, and eventually deploy LTE in all bands.2.plug-and-play, self-configuration and self-optimization will simplify and reduce the cost of network roll-out and management.3 .LTE will be deployed in parallel with simplified, IP-based core and transport networks that are easier to build, maintain and move into services on.Wide range of terminals- LTE supports hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks, all devices can have ubiquitous mobile broadband coverage from day one6.9COMPARSION amongst WIMAX AND LTEAspectWimaxLTEAccess technologyDownlink(DL)Uplink(UL)OFDMAOFDMAOFDMASC-FDMAFrequency band2.3-2.4GHz,2.496-2.69GHz2GHzBit-rateDLUL75Mbps(MIMO 2TX 2RX)25Mbps100Mbps(MIMO 2TX 2RX)50MbpsChannnel bandwidth5,8.75,10MHz1.25-20MHzCell radius2-7km5kmCell capacity100-200 users200 users in 5MHz400 users for large BW spectral efficiency3.75bits/sec/Hz5bits/sec/hzMobilitySpeedHandoversUp to 120km/hOptimized hard handovers supportedUp to 250km/hInter-cell soft handovers supportedLegacyIEEE802.16a through 16dGSM/GPRS/EGPRS/UMTS/HSPAMIMODLULNo. of code words2Tx X 2Rx1Tx X NRx(Collaborative SM)12Tx X 2RX2Tx X 2Rx2Standardization coverageIEEE 802.16e-2005 PHY an d MAC CN normalization in WimaxRAN(PHY+MAC)+CNRoaming frameworkWimax forumAuto through existing GSM/UMTS7.Verizon has devoted to using Long Term Evolution starting by soon, ensuring to deliver ten times the data throughput of 3G technologies in the current time. Others, including NTT DoCoMo in Japan, France Telecom, Vodafone in the UK, ATT, and T-Mobile have said also they will use LTE rather than WiMAX.Meanwhile, Sprint, Clearwire, and Comcast in the U.S., UQ Communications in Japan, and Yota in Russia are all competitively using 4G networks suitable for mobile networks using todays edition of WiMAX, 802.16e (2 to 10 Mbps), in inner-city markets where they will without doubt compete with 3G (and later, LTE) sources. The WiMAX Forum declares that 504 operators in 145 countries have form WiMAX, but many use older 802.16d technology that however cannot provide mobile services, and many are small operators in developing countries or pastoral areas.8Conclusion-In every generation, when there is a default, the next following generation gets rid of this and a new idea or notion is found as a result. However at some points this may be difficult to happen due to several reasons. The world is looking forward for the most intellectual technology that would bond the full earth. New ideas are being introduced by researchers throughout the world, but new ideas introduce new challenges. There are several issues yet to be solved like integrating the mobile world to the IP based core network, resourceful billing system, and smooth hand off mechanisms.