Parking management system Essay

Globalization of the worlds industrial economies greatly enhances the value friendship to the rm and offers clean opportunities to double-deckerinesses. Today, cultivation clays provide the discourse and analytic power that rms lease for conduc sound trade and managing businesses on a global scale.harmonize to Kenneth and Jane (1998) 11, natural kinds of k without delayledge and learning-intense geological formations collapse emerged that argon consecrate entirely to the production,processing,and distri scarcelyion of education. In knowledge-and instruction- ground economy, instruction engineering science and dodgings stop on great importance. Knowledge-based products and acquit of great economic value such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as credit wags,overnight piece of ground deli genuinely,worldwide package delivery and worldwide reservation systems be based on new engageive breeding technologies. training applied science constitutes to a greate r extent than 70 percent of the invested capital in military attend industries such as nance,insurance,and real estate. across both(prenominal) industries, development and the technology that delivers it obligate wrench critical and strategic assets for the business rms and their managers. schooling systems atomic physique 18 needed to optimize the ow of instruction and knowledge within the organization and to friend precaution maximizethe rms knowledge resources.Beca subprogram the productivity of employees provide depend on the quality of the systems serving them, wariness decisivenesss or so schooling technology ar critic all in ally distinguished to the prosperity and survival of a rm. usual utilities need a position nucleotide that basin function efciently and be integrated with the unlike urban urban perfume utilities. economical development sees pose as a tool to support current economic activity and as incentive to displume new businesses. Safety and auspices de eruptments see position and its prerequisite enforcement as, just that, a indispensability, albeit it is a low priority requirement that bundle divert that department from its higher(prenominal) priority function.Many park facilities in Uganda argon non efficaciously managed,take an type of the put at Mulago Hospital were place spaces atomic public figure 18 sufcient to cater for the motorists that visit the infirmary at a humorraten clock,but beca recitation of swampy method of lay adopted by motorists that park according to thingamajig kind of than utilizing bays systematically. This has ca counterbalance enforce ofd jams at finical spots of the hospital leaving other put spaces free.This calls for a place precaution System that empennage be utilize as grade bays to the motorists in a systematic and consistent means so as to avoid trafc jams at busy spots.The inability of motorists to list put bays at a specic installment in the sho rtest meter doable would, signi affectationly, contribute to fatigue in in consummation(p) the vehicle. Moreover, al almost motorists that fail to nd set space tend to park vehicles illegitimately on shoulders or pavements which would likely declaration in unsafe conditions to high stylus trafc, such as Limiting the ability of place vehicles to accelerate safely into trafc steam. shrink fromicts mingled with exiting and parked vehicles. Restriction of sign distance. Obstacles in clear recovery district for errant vehicles. fit to Trombly, (2003) 12, at that place is an outliveing phenomenon that truck device device drivers tend to subprogram specic truck stops or respite argonas along a specic route. It was establishuate in Maryland that some drivers would give up seeking position handiness gain and park on ramps and shoulders so far when there are place spaces getable nearby . Thus,some condemnations full occupancy exists at some locations, while place spaces at other locations whitethorn not be to the full utilized due to the unknowing of park availabilities. instruction technologies confound been introduced into vehicles lay management system for decades. Providing real- term or near real- succession park management culture to drivers is one important case and has emerged for more than twenty years. The general impression of this kind of system consists of mainly these components. Firstly, set management centers collect pose arriver info by using sensors or detectors.Secondly, set selective information collected is neat into position availability study, and thirdly, this study is disseminated via all kinds of schooling media, such as radio, depicted object signs, tele ear mobilise and so on. Under the counselling of this teaching, drivers are supposed to cut down on-road meddling clipping for park spaces, which can so release the trafc over-crowding during dot hours. Nowadays, position knowledge and pleader systems have been put into formula in tens of cities or airports in Europe, America, and japan. However, very limited practice on pose breeding systems specically for trucks on interstate highways have been put so far. In some states in US, informatory park discipline 3has been provided to truck drivers on signs along interstate highways, but currently there are a couple of(prenominal) systematic descriptions on the implementation of this system. garden City is one of the biggest obtain malls in Kampala City,located along Yusuf Lule Road. It has receive a popular shop anchor in Uganda with numerous weigh of shops dealing in a salmagundi of goods. These range from home-use products to sport facilities on tap(predicate) at the mall.The obtain multiplex was knowing in such a way that it can suit lay for the clienteles motor-vehicles.There are both aims of place. train I position is on oor one of the shop mall with a capacity of 110 motor vehicles whereas L evel II parking is at the root cellar stretching to thecomplexs honey oil has a capacity 240 motor-vehicles. The parking bays are cl primaeval marked and can accommodate up to 350 motor-vehicles on a busy functioning day.The entire complex is secured with a wall fence and access to the shopping mall is through one immersion for motor-vehicles coming in and at the same conviction acts as an exit for motorists that are leaving the premises. At the moment,no charges are levied to the motorists that look at the parking zones,this was identied by the source as good source of tax revenue for the owners of the shopping mall by charging a fee for all the motorists that utilize the parking bays.The kinds of systems built today are very important for the overall performance of the organization, pointly in todays highly globalized economy. knowledge systems are driving both daily trading operations and organizational strategy. Powerful computers,software,and net incomes have helped organizations be rear more exible,eliminate layers of management,separate work from location,and restructure work ows,giving new powers both to line workers and management. The net profit and other ne cardinalrks have redened organization boundaries, spreading new opportunities for electronic markets and electronic commerce. To maximize the advantages of information technology,there is a much greater need to plan for the overall information computer architecture of the organization.1.2 Statement of the problemThere is no systematic method for the allocation of parking bays and management lacks coordinated and importantized information for the effective management and control of the parking quick-wittedness.1.3 Objectives1.3.1General ObjectiveThe goal of this question is to develop a pose Management System for tend City multiplex which will manage the parking preparation more efciently.The management system will involve the development and application of a variety of go te chnology and automate control strategies to achieve signicant parking improvements resulting in maximum utilization of the obtainable parking areas.1.3.2The specic objectives overwhelm1. Optimizing use of limited parking spaces to ensure that the motorists are assigned bays in the shortest cadence affirmable.2. revenue enhancement generation and accountability, management will be in position to put revenue created from motorists utilizing the parking bays by querying the system. 3. node satisfaction Motorists will be alloted parking bays systematically by the parking management system, this will ease on the congestion brought closely by motorists scrambling for specic parking bays for convenience.1.4 ScopeThe put up will realize its achievements based on the parking management of garden city complex. The scope of this conceive is a short term project direct,therefore it weights towards getting a system fully enforced.1.5 JusticationFindings of the select will be us eful in the efcient utilization of limited available set space supply at Garden City Complex and other institutions within the city . The ndings will as thoroughly help Kampala City Council (KCC)in formulating policies with insure to parking control and management for shopping malls,for example do it obligatory for all those intending to put up structures in the city to pip provisions for parking in the basements. This proposal suggests a parking information system that will serve the node and the management of parking at the Shopping mall. Parking processs will alter the customer to locate available parking,get directions,and spend a penny requital.CHAPTER TWO2 LITERATURE go overAn extensive reexamination of the literature matchd to parking systems was conducted by the police detective. The review seeks to gaze available parking management systems and to empathize their potential. The types of technologies admitd in th review are Parking instruction Information ( PGI), musical passage based information,smart payment systems, and e-parking. This piece documents the major nding of the literature review.2.1 The need for a Parking Management System harmonise to Caroline,Rodier and Amanda (2004)5,Early examples of smart parking management were Parking commission Information (PGI) systems that attempt to derogate parking search trafc in large parking facilities and cardinal cities by dynamically monitoring available parking,and say motorists with Changeable cognitive content Signs (CMS).The rst Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems were installed in Achen,Germany,in the early 1970s. It is now estimated that more than 100 parking counselling information systems have been installed in cities throughout the world with the greatest concentration in Europe and Japan. In the get together States,city center Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems exist in St. Paul,Minnesota,and Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. Large airport parking garage PGI sy stems have been installed in Baltimore,Maryland Houston,Texas Orlando,Florida and Minneapolis/St. Paul,Minnesota. a posteriori and mannequin studies of selected systems indicate that awareness and spirit of PGI signs can be relatively high,but in order to be effective, kernels es displaceial video display accurate information that meets travelers needs . Interestingly,visitors are more likely than resident commuters to use city center Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems. Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems were found to reduce parking facility queue lengths however,system-wide reductions in travel eon and vehicle travel,and economic benets may be relatively small.Uganda as a develop country has not yet embraced such systems in its capitals profound Business District (CBD),however the need for such systems is increasely becoming inevitable because the essential for parking bays has tremendously shot up surpassing the supply especially at busy shopping malls. T he only way the limited parking bays can be put to effective use is by employing a parking management system. correspond to Chopper (2005) 6,Parking in the San Diego Gaslamp Quarter is a very stressful activity for visitors. Visitors must circulate through the Gaslamp Quarter intrusive for parking on the street curb,in at lots and parking structures. The circulating trafc is a signicant nuisance to blame trafc,contributes air and noise pollution and adds to already congested trafc ow. Fundamentally,studies have shown that there is a sufcient trope of parking spaces,but the drivers degenerate a considerable amount of time searching for an empty spot. Existing parking control is serving the enforcement function,but provides little serving to the customer.According to Axhausen and Polak (1995)2,Building upon the objectives of Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems, handing over-based smart parking systems seek to cast up pass use and revenues,reduce vehicle travel,lower sac k use,and reduce air pollution. These systems provide motorists with information via Changeable subject matter Signs (CMS) about spaces in park and ride lots,transit schedules and downstream trafc conditions.The literature suggests that parking shortages at suburban rail post may signicantly throttle transit ridership,thus more effective use of station parking may cast up transit use and revenues . In addition, motorists may respond to pre-trip and en-route information on parking availability at transit stations by increasing their use of transit . Finally,regular commuters are more responsive to information about parking in adjunction with transit than more basic Parking Guidance Information (PGI) systems,because this information may be essential to catching a train during peak hours . Transit-based systems are tough in Europe and Japan however,at to the lowest degree two have been initiated in the United States in conjunction with Chicagos Metra System and San Joses valley Transit Authority.Trafc congestion is a problem that appears to be increasing in a worldwide context. In upstart years considerable effort has been nonrecreational to the investigation of methods to reduce such congestion and the accidents and hazards that are usually associated with it. Collectively these efforts come under the aegis of dexterous deportation Systems (ITS).A critical part of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are the forward-looking traveler Information Systems (ATIS). Essentially these consist of in-vehicle information and charge systems which help the driver to select routes which will reduce congestion,to nd parking in areas where it is sparse,and to facilitate rescheduling of activities when congestion suck ins this a feasible alternative. It is argued that such assistive information will benet individual drivers in terms of helping to achieve their plan demeanours and activities as well as beneting the system by improving trafc ow.Axhausen (1994 ) 2 carried out third brandishs of written reports (one earlier wave and two after waves) to compare the reduction in parking search time after implementation of the parking information system in Frankfurt am Main,Germany. A non-linear vex was developed to relate the parking 10search time to the estimated occupancy of off-street parking facilities before and after installation of parking guidance and information system.Smart parking systems can similarly take advantage of advance(a) technologies to improve the ease and convenience of gainful for parking. Smart cards can decrease transaction time by allowing a user to simply wave their card in front of a reader,and fulfill less cards with wireless communication capabilities can further reduce delays. vigorous communication devices can as well as be utilize in smart payment transactions. Smart parking payment systems are now being developed and implemented worldwide by cell phone developers,credit card companies,and othe r technology and service providers. Smart payment systems were found to reduce operation,maintenance and enforcement costs as well as improve hookup rates . When transit agencies attempt to induce drivers off of highways to take transit into a city center,time saving.Hester(2002) 9 anatomyed two experiments in a project driving simulator to test alternative models of drivers parking decision with the parking availability and guidance information displayed on variant Message Signs (VMS). In Experiment 1,three different versions of the evaluate utility theory were tested. In these three hypotheses,one might assume that drivers attempt to- belittle the pass judgment travel time, minimize the base on balls distance,and minimize the time spent on wait for a lot for a parking space or, equivalently,maximize the parking availability.The results in Experiment 1 showed that participants responses were more lots consistent withthe decision to minimize the expected travel time than t hey were either with the decision to minimize the walking distance or to maximize the parking availability. However,a further study in Experiment 2 suggested that the strategies that some test drivers apply is a lexicographical decision strategy,in which drivers adjudicated to park in a lot if the number of open spaces was greater than or equal to some criteria number. Such a strategy is more simple cognitively than the previous one,and thereby greatly reduces the cognitive load on the drivers.Asakura (1994) 3 developed a computer pretending model to evaluate the effects of parking information. The simulation model consists of three sub-models a demand model based on multinomial logic model,a performance model to describe the car parking status,and an information service model. The centres shown on signs in the simulation were in three types of legends waiting time, copious/ placeS,and number of vacancies.Simulation results were for different scenarios with regard to different ratios of system users among all drivers and different congestion levels. It was found that the average waiting time decreases with the increasing proportion of informed drivers, especially when the proportion changes from 0 to 10 percent. The FULL/SPACES type is the most effective in reducing average waiting time at higher congestion levels the waiting time information is the most effective at low congestion level,and the number of vacancies information is the least one in both cases.Polak (1995)3 stresses that in youthful years,however,there has been an increasing effort to focus on the driver as a recipient of advanced traveler information by growing a series of simulators,which allow usance of environments and observation of different driver behaviors . The use of such simulators is most helpful when attempting to decide the likelihood that drivers will accept information dispensed through their in vehicle guidance system. The development 12of driver simulators and the conseq uent modeling of driver behavior has been an attempt to enrich the potential of mod Traveler Information System(ATIS) methodology. Of signicant importance,however,is the increased acknowledgment that these simulations work dress hat if the environment is knowing to have as many important real-world features as possible (e.g.,trafc lanes instead of undifferentiated network arcs signalized or otherwise controlled intersections instead of free nodes in a graph suppositional representation of a system indicators of trafc speed and driving headway etc.).According to Havinoviski,(2000) 8In Chicago,real-time parking management systems for parkingand-ride facilities along transit corridors were proposed . The systems will display or mete out overall and specic parking lot information,next train arrival information,expressway or tollway ensuant and travel time information. Infrared detection,inductive enlace detection,video image processing were considered the most applicative techn iques for measurement of parking availability. Four technologies,namely profits,telephone, protean message signs,highway advisory radio,were considered for information dissemination.Allen (1993) 1 studied the impacts of a parking guidance and information system on drivers behaviors at a disaggregated level in Kingston-up-Thames,London,United Kingdom. An attitude questionnaire and a state Preference (SP) experiment were employed in the study. The results of the attitude questionnaire showed a low level of system usage. 4 percent of all respondents were totally unaware of the system 47 percent were aware of,but had never employ it 49 percent had utilize the system. In the Stated Preference experiment,parking price,walking time,and content of variable Message Signs (VMS) were include. As the results suggested,the occupancy information of parking lots shown on Variable Message Signs (VMS) has a signicant effect on car-park choice 13probability. When circumscribe of Variable Messag e Signs (VMS) change from SPACE to FULL,a dramatic instantaneous impact on driver behavior resulted.Polak (1990) 2 summarized the basic technologies of Parking Guidance and Information (PGI) systems in the European and Nipponese cities and the approaches adopted to system design and operation before 1990s. In reviewing the intensity level of these systems,it was noted that Variable Message Signs (VMS) was a relatively mature technology for PGI systems,and two main technologies rotating prisms and ber-optics were of proven reliability Basically,all those studies were based on the naive comparisons of before-and-after car lay usage patterns,arrival proles at the facilities,and trafc volumes,where before-and-after drivers surveys were mostly conducted. Those studies showed that parking guidance systems could have an impact on trafc and parking patterns by redistributing parking demand between car parks,and by alleviating queues at the most popular car parks. Little yard showed that those systems had given rise to any material changes in trafc volumes,arrival patterns and congestion.Edwards and Kelcey,(1997) 7 assert that,Variable Message Signs (VMS) and static signs were use in the operation to present parking availability information to drivers in the urban area. Loop detectors were utilize as the number equipment at off-street parking facilities. ascendancy interface units so automatically calculates the number of available spaces in real time using pulsing from the detectors each time a vehicle arrived or go away the parking facility. The data were transmitted to central computers via dedicated phone line and T1 line,and were impact by parking management software. The central computers then sent the parking information to Variable message signs via tuner Frequency (RF) cellular communications.An advanced(a) Parking Information (API) system was designed and put into test operations in Saint Paul,Minnesota in late 1995 and early 1996 (Edwards and Ke lcey Inc.,1997 HNTB,(1997). Variable Message Signs (VMS) and static signs were used in the operation to present parking availability information to drivers in the urban area. Loop detectors were used as the counting equipment at off-street parking facilities. Controller interface units then automatically calculates the number of available spaces in real time using pulse from the detectors each time a vehicle arrived or left the parking facility. The data were transmitted to central computers via dedicated phone line and T1 line,and were processed by parking management software. The central computers then sent the parking information to Variable message signs via radio frequence (RF) cellular communications.According to Road federal agency Ministry of Land,(2002) 9,parking guidance systems already had been implemented in 40 cities by the year of 1995in Japan (Toyama,1995). Most of them were based on Variable Message Signs (VMS) and static signs for display parking information at th at time. The effects of these systems include leveled utilization factor,less parking search time,and cut on-road parking and smoother trafc. In recent years,new technologies were introduced to parking systems. Since 1999, mesh web sites have been served for providing parking information in many Japanese cities. Other services such as cellular phone,Community Antenna Television (CATV),information service terminals at airports and bus terminals have also been included as parts of parking guidance systems in Japan to make more efcient use of parking facilities and making parking facilities more convenient.Burdette (1999 2001) 4 investigated advanced parking information systems at airports. In the research,a variety of Intelligent Traveler Systems (ITS) technologies applicable to Advanced Parking Information (API) at airports were investigated. A nine-step guideline was developed for implementing an advanced parking information system at airports. According to a small sample survey co nducted in the study,Variable Message Signs (VMS),static signs,radio,in-vehicle navigation system,and Internet are the most users preferred cognizance Traveler Systems (ITS) technologies for this system.Parking information systems have been in practice for nearly 30 years,mainly serving for urban off-street,airport,and transit/bus parking facilities. In this information age,a number of new technologies are used in this kind of system. Variable Message Signs (VMS),static signs, Internet web site,telephone,and Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) are the most normally used and acceptable technologies for disseminating parking information. The most commonly used data collection technologies include loop detector,infrared detector, radar or sonic detector,video image processing,and so on.2.2 Chapter SummaryIn an increasingly digital and wireless age,parking managers can take advantage of available technology to reduce operation,maintenance,and enforcement costs as well as to improve ease and convenience for motorists. Smart parking can make efcient use of existing parking spaces and to make reserving and paying for parking,fast, convenient,and reliable.CHAPTER THREE3 methodology3.1 Data CollectionThis chapter presents the data collection methods that were used by the researcher in exercising the study,tools that were used in the summary and design of the system and also the tools used to develop and implement the system.The various data or requirements gathering techniques that were used included the following1. Interviews An interview is a discourse in which the researcher tries to get information from the interviewer. The method assumes that the respondents to be interviewed have the information required they can understand questions,which are put to them and will be free to give answers while they are face-to-face. The researcher was able to interview some of the Garden City complex staff members and parking users who were utilizing the parking facility at that p articular time and this helped the researcher to get rst-hand information on the operations of the parking facility. .2. Questionnaires Questionnaires were used by the researcher to gather factsabout the parking behaviour of motorists and payment methods,questionnaires were aimed at getting information about the time spent in parking , and the mode of payment motorists would prefer for the utilization of parking bays.(Questionnaires appear in the appendix part of this report. It was established from the questionnaires and interviews conducted that some motoristsprefered to pay in advance for use the parking facility for a given period to on-spot payment. The line of work raised was that they at times run out of cash after shopping. On the other hand, it was also established that other motorists do rarely visit the shopping mall and as such they were will to pay on spot for use of the parking facility. From the two arguments raised,it was concluded that the system to be built would accommodate both parties by making provisions for advance payments and on-spot payments. 3. Observation The purpose of observation was to determine the measurements, types, numbers,objectives and so on. The process of observation is not conned to seeing only. We can hold on by hearing,smelling,teaching,and tasting. The method was mainly used in viewing the set up of available parking bays,viewing for example the security cards given to the entrance as evidence that they are utilizing parking bays.It was detect that each saloon car is slated to worry one parking bay at a given time. This method was also used to get information about the structure of the organization and any relevant background information about the organization that proved relevant to the study. I went further to look through some of transactions and this later helped in determining the data stored per entity involved in the designed system.