Properly Format An Apa Style Paper English Language Essay

Properly coif An Apa Style Paper face Language EssayIn this solveic we lead explore how to flop format an APA style piece of music. This warning leave be of riding habit to foregoing psychological science students who flummox never had any exposure to APA format. For senior students, this reputation may serve as a useful reminder of the identify elements of APA style.Learning APA Format for Psychology StudentsFrequently, students atomic number 18 required to write psychology papers. However, in doing so, there ar two great skills that destiny to be hold backed. The initiative skill is related to the content of the paper. For example, a student write a paper about dreaming is likely to incorporate the estimates of Freud (1953) or even Hobson and McCarley (1977). The second skill is tied to properly formatting the paper. In psychology, we make use of the format developed by the Ameri whoremonger mental Association (APA 2001). Therefore, the purpose of this p aper is to discuss the various aspects of APA format for psychology students.In psychology, there atomic number 18 two types of APA style papers. One format, which I c all told the quantitative paper, includes a method, results and discussion section. In statistics and research methods courses, you imparting tend to adopt the quantitative approach. I have published a number of obliges in this format (e.g., Dyce OConnor, 1994). In this course you ar non collecting and analyzing data, therefore, you do not include sub acts for the methods, results and discussion sections. The paper that you are going to write is a qualitative paper. This style of paper does not involve statistical analyses, rather, it involves a synthesis of judgements (e.g., Dyce, 1994).1) Title PageThe premier thing students need to learn how to master in APA format is the title page. First, you will nib that the title page is numbered in the upper remunerate corner. In fact, all page numbers are marked i n the upper right hand corner. Please note the margins are mavin inch all the right smart around and the entire content is retell spaced with 12 point font. As well, a good prompt is to use Times New Roman for the text font.Second, you will notice something called running play head. To access the header in Microsoft Word 2007, at the top of Word select Insert. Under the bridle Insert you will dis underweight something called Header. Select Header and click on the number one option called BLANK. cad on the greyed area and accordingly type in the following Running head LEARNING APA FORMAT. However, when you get to page two of your document, click on the head in the document. When you do so, look to about the center of tab section of Word and find DESIGN. Under this tab, select Different premier(prenominal) page. Then type the quarrel LEARNING APA FORMAT (of course, your words will be different) and click on the red X in the upper right hand corner of the document. If you d o so, this will remove you back to your regular document.Finally, on the title page of your article, your name, and institution are located in the center. In my case, the title of the paper is Learning APA Format for Psychology Students. Just below the title you will put your name. For umpteen academic papers, there are quadruple precedents. The question is who goes starting signal? A natural answer to this question would be to put the names in alphabetical order. However, in academic papers, the individual who does most of the work is frequently the lead rootage. Below your name, you will put your institution, and in our case it will be Universal University.2) AbstractThe second page is called the Abstract. The word airlift is centered and placed at the top of the page. The abstraction itself is a swindle summary of the paper. In fact, you might be wise to write the abstract after you have finished your paper. The publication manual(a) give notices that the abstract has a number of characteristics. The abstract is accurate as it does not include entropy that does not appear in the corpse of the paper. It is concise (i.e., 120 words or less). The purpose of the abstract is to report, not to evaluate. A well-prepared abstract give the bounce be the most important dissever in your article (APA, 2001, p. 12).3) physical structure of the PaperThe third page is where you start the body of your paper. The title that you apply on the first page of your paper is as well used at the very top of the third page. In fact, the titles that appear on the first and third page are exactly the same. The title is centered.In the first paragraph, you will want to b routewayly introduce your topic. Authors often begin with the broad strokes of the research area they are about to describe. Next, you describe more(prenominal) specifically what you are going to talk about. You may scoop up a paragraph or two to introduce your topic.On the third and subsequent pag es of the paper, there will be numerous opportunities to discuss otherwise authors ideas. Simply stated, you do not necessarily need to have an entirely original idea for a psychology paper (particularly a student paper). Making university extension to another authors ideas can be done in two ways. You can either paraphrase an idea or cite the author at present. When you paraphrase, you are taking another individuals ideas and accordingly putting them into your own words. If you paraphrase, you will have to manoeuvre where the idea came from. For example, lets consider the following paragraph.There many views on dreaming. On the one hand, there is the Activation Synthesis Hypothesis ( ash Hobson McCarley, 1977). Proponents of the ASH believe that dreams are largely physiological, starting with bursts of electrical energy from the pons, with the intellectual cortex later trying to make sense of this energy. In sum, Hobson and McCarley (1977) do not believe that dreams are meani ngful. On the other hand, individuals such as Freud believe that dreams are loaded with meaning. Freud (1953) suggested that there are two components to dreams. The plain content is the storyline, whereas the latent content is the underlying meaning. According to Freud, rant bombast blah (1900, p. 52).You will notice that in this paragraph, I am paraphrasing and directly quoting authors. To avoid plagiarism, you will need to use one or more of these strategies. For example, in the above paragraph I paraphrase the ideas of Hobson and McCarley. In doing so, I do not directly lift these authors ideas (i.e., I am not victimisation their ideas word for word). In brief, when using an idea from some source, you need to indicate where this idea came from. Not moreover is this proper formatting, but it as well as gives readers the opportunity to check the original source for themselves. You may be saw to yourself, how do readers know where to look? This is why we have a indication se ction that is found at the very back of the paper (we will talk more about this in a moment).You will also notice that in the bolded paragraph that I directly quotation mark Freud. I am sure Freud never said blah blah blah but you get the idea. Whenever you directly (exactly) use someone elses ideas, you need to indicate the author, the year that the article/book was published and the page number from where the idea came from. It is very important to master this formatting otherwise you might be accused of plagiarism. Consider these factitious examplesFreud (1900) suggests that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (p. 25).Dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (Freud, 1900, p. 25).Freud suggested that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (1990, p. 25)You will note that in all three examples, the quote is exact, and the author, year and the page number are listed. If an article/book has multiple authors, the authors names must appear in the body of the paper in the order that they are listed in the original work. Consider these factitious examplesFreud and Dyce (1900) suggest that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (p. 25).Dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (Freud Dyce, 1900, p. 25).Freud and Dyce suggested that dreaming is the royal road to the unconscious (1990, p. 25)Notice the rest between the use of and and. The (shift 7 on your keyboard) is called ampersand. Ampersand is used when you source or quote within parentheses, whereas the word and is used outside of parentheses. For example, in the first example above, I use Freud and Dyce (1900) whereas in the second example I use Freud Dyce, 1900, p. 25.Lets suppose you want to paraphrase my lecture ideas (or email) in your paper. The way to do so is as followsIt has been suggested that classical conditioning was developed by Pavlov in the early 1900s (J. A. Dyce, personal communication, October 5, 2005).However, personal communications will not appear in th e extension section. In fact, it is one of the few exceptions where a cited author does not appear in the reference section. In general, an author that is listed in the body of paper must appear in the reference section, and vice versa. Use personal communications when the data is not recoverable.I have noticed in recent years that many students use YouTube for presentations. If you use this kind of source for your paper, list it as follows in the body of your paperThe date (2009, October 10) refers to the date when the video was watched. Dyce (2009, October 10) indicates that4) ReferencesThe final page of your paper is the reference page, and it occurs on an entirely new page. The reference page lists all of the references that you used in your paper. The word References appears at the top and is centered (see my example at the end of this paper). The authors are listed in alphabetical order gibe to the first author of the paper. For example, consider these factious articles.Freud , S., Dyce, J. (2001)Flinstone, F., Rubble, B. (2001)Cat, T., Dogs, J., Fish, T. (2001)With this particular collection, the Cat article would appear first, then Flinstone and then Freud. You would not reverse the names in the references list. For example, it might be tempting to reverse the names Freud and Dyce, because they are in improper alphabetical order. However, for a single article, the order must cover the same way as it does in the original article. The lead author must remain the lead author.The various sources that you use can take the form of books, diary articles, or a chapter from a book. The following are some examples of formatting that are loosely taken from the APA manual.One author, journal articleDyce, J. A. (2000). The psychology of rats, cats, and wild dogs. Journal of AnimalBehavior, 34, 35-45.Two authors, journal articleDyce, J. A., Kulak, A. (2000). The psychology of selling a house. Journal of Selling,50, 56-89.Magazine phraseDyce, J. A., Kulak, A. (2000, October 10). Whats another word for thesaurus? Science,450, 445-446.Newspaper articleDyce, J. (2005, October 1). The marital benefits of the flavor You are right and I amsorry. The Washington Post, pp. A4.BookDyce, J. (1900). How to represent more than 100 years and not show your age. Washington,DC American Publication Press. encyclopaediaDyce, J. (1980). The merits of procrastination. In the new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol.25, pp. 50-51). Chicago Encyclopedia Britannica.YouTubeDyce, J. A. (2009, October 10). What is psychology? Video file. Retrieved fromYou will notice for these references that the first line is flush to the left, and all other line is indented. In other words, the first line overhangs the other lines. You will also notice that there are a categorisation of ways in which material can be cited. Pay close attention to the location of periods and spacing.There are other sources that you could use for your paper, and the APA manual is filled with differen t ways in which material is cited (see chapter 4 of the fifth edition). If you have other questions about APA format, you could take a look at the manual. As of 2009, the 6th Edition has been published. In my opinion, the 6th edition is break dance organized than the 5th edition. Alternative, you might conduct a Google search using the key words APA format and see what you come up with. Although there are many nuances to APA format, following the examples in this paper should give you a very good start on how to write a psychology paper.5) Final CommentsK.M.S Throughout this paper, I have discussed the basics of APA style. However, formatting is only one part of proper write skills. More importantly, students need to learn how to write. Learning how to write academic papers is not an easy depute and takes years to master. The three most important words for good writing are edit, edit, edit. The goal of which is to be as clear and concise as possible. Often when composing somethin g, it is difficult see our mistakes, and we often blur by them when reviewing. For this reason, it is useful to put your paper down for a day and then reread your work (alternatively, get a friend to proof your paper). go forth yourself enough time to write as rushed work is well identifiable. As an example, it took about one day to put this specimen paper together. If you consider that I am familiar with APA style and write evenhandedly well, the process of putting your paper together is likely to take longer. circumspection this advice and you should receive a good grade on your paper.Additions provided by A.E. Finally, if you feel that more needs to be added to this paper or there are mistakes, I would ask that you download the paper, make the changes, initial the changes with a textbox (see below), and then email the paper back to me (emailprotected). I will then repost the sample paper to the website.

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway

The Old Man and the ocean by Ernest Heming guidanceIf someone is fortunate enough to acquire a trea current, He is obligated to strife for it until d downh moreover if a composition is luckless enough, he must fight to obtain his possessions till the end. In any situations, the struggle within determines the persons rank, and is given the title of a hero. In the experient bit in the sea, the old Cuban man capital of Chile Is ridiculed by the fact that he hasnt caught a angle in eighty-four days. The local anesthetic angleermen in capital of Chiles village nickname him Salao, or someone who encounters bad luck. in front capital of Chile sets off on his journey to sea, he orders Manolin, capital of Chiles friend and search aid, to stay on land. Santiago believes the fishing plague is ca mapd by fallacy. Santiago considers that leaving Manolin will bring him better luck at sea. navigation aside into the open ocean, the old man knows that a big fish is guaranteed. Santiagos plaque ends when he encounters himself with an enormous Marlin. But his valuable treasure, the Marlin, is destroyed by the sharks. Although Santiago losses his treasure to the sharks, he is considered a hero because he fights bravely till the end.The symbol of the lion, which is hold inn several times in Santiagos dreams, serves to maneuver that he loves them just as much as he loves Manolin. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of grand occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength, nor of his wife. He further dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach. They played same young cats in the dusk and he love them as he loved the boy (Hemingway 32).Throughout the novel, master(prenominal)ly at the beginning, the lions appear as cubs. The young lions foretell the great things that lie ahead for Santiago, as he embarks on his quest for the treasure. When the cubs shift into lions, they imply great power which inspires Santiago to not g ive up. When Santiago dreams of Manolin, Santiago compels himself to defend the boy of his values. When the old man dreams of Lions, he tends to remit because the lions seem to gravel control and domination over him. Since the lions appear in the beach, an environment not native to their surroundings, it inclines to show that there is an accord in all of life.I would like to take the great DiMaggio fishing, the old man said. They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as little as we are and would understand (Hemingway 17). An another(prenominal) frequent figure in the novel is that of Joe DiMaggio, an all-star and hall of fame baseball player for the Yankees. DiMaggios bone spur, which might have crippled another player, made him tolerable and mentally operose. Although DiMaggio was Handicap, He neer gave up and set out to encourage his accomplishments. DiMaggios Leadership and fortitude, is what inspires Santiago to protect his treasure without giving up. When Santiag os hand craps and is left(a) to battle the Marlin with hardly one hand, Thoughts of surrendering enter his mind. When Santiago reminds himself of the great DiMaggio, he continues to endure what he set off to accomplish. The icon of the legend baseball player serves to constitute Santiagos stamina and endurance, despite his awful pain.I have never seen or perceive of such a fish. But I must eat up him. I am glad we do not have to punctuate to eat the stars. Imagine if each day a man must try to kill the moon, he thought. The moon runs away. . . . Then he was sorry for the great fish that had nothing to eat and his determination to kill him never relaxed in his sorrow for him. . . . There is no one worthy of eating him from the room of his behavior and his great dignity. I do not understand these things, he thought. But it is good that we do not have to try to kill the sun or the moon or the stars. It is enough to live on the sea and kill our true brothers (Hemingway 28). In t he Beginning of the novel, the Marlin is distinguished as a creature from the unknown, a creature that only exists in a place of mystery. When Santiago hooks on to the fish, he is not sure of what he is hooked on to. The fish, entrance dwells underneath the rally, pulls Santiago and is left to only imagine what mysteries are left to be revealed on the other end of the line. When Santiago finally gets a glimpse of the fish, when the fish breaks the surface of the water, he is startled and shocked of the fishes massiveness. With Santiagos mysteries revealed, He is left to endeavor with either bit of his strength and power.You did not kill the fish only to funding alive and to sell for provender, he thought. You killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman. You loved him when he was alive and you loved him after. If you love him, it is not a blurt out to kill him. Or is it more? (Hemingway 98). Santiago begins to feel pity for the Marlin witch in his mind believes the fis h is exhausted. The demoralizing thought of having to kill the fish, overly makes the old man strengthen his way of life. While Santiago fights the Marlin, he develops a relationship and affliction towards the fish. He begins to believe that the fishes worthiness is so worthy that it does not matter who kills whom, as long as there is nobility in fighting. Initially the old man was going to use the fish for food, but he realizes that the actual reason for fish is for self-pride.The principal(prenominal) symbol in the novel is the presence of the Marlin. In Christianity the symbol of the fish has many meanings, including the fact that in saviour time in Galilee the main diet consisted of fish. For example, Christ multiplied the two fish and five loaves of chou to feed the people. Come, follow me and I will make you fishers of men (Mark 117) Jesus said to his disciples. Santiago uses the marlin as a source of food to bring back to his village in Cuba, but the wicked sharks eat th e flesh off the Marlin just leaving the carcass. The sharks symbolize evil, somewhat like the devil. The sharks deprive Santiago from his treasure and leave him with devastation, quasi(prenominal) to sin. The image of the skeletal frame symbolizes Santiagos triumph over the fish, to show to Manolin and the other fisherman in his village. hex was trey days and ternion nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth (Matthew 1240). Santiagos battle with the fish lasts three days witch is a significant and symbolic number in the bible. There are also three distinctive stages in the battle (the hookup, the battle, and the success over the fish).There is no translation for this word and perhaps it is just a noise such as a man might make, involuntarily, feeling the nail go through his hands and into the timberland (Hemmingway, 107). This bring up exemplifies that Hemingway uses Santiago as a Christ like figure . Santiago and Jesus are either considered martyrs, or someone who suffers for a cause. Jesus was a martyr because he died for his beliefs Santiago is a martyr because the sharks rhetorically take away his life. Santiago is Christ like in the way that he carried the burden of his boat on his shoulders back to his cabin, resembling Jesus carrying his elude in Jerusalem. Santiago then lies down with his arms straight out and the palms of his hands, cut up from holding the fishing line, facing up. This image is similar to Jesus crucifixion, where Jesus hands were nailed to the cross. analogous Jesus Santiago amply of compassion, determination, and righteousness. The energy of evil is present through the sharks, similar to the evils that were introduced to Jesus in Jerusalem. Both Santiago and Jesus are dishonored and deceived.The Main quote in the story unquestionably is Man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeat (Hemmingway, 103). This quote captures the act ual essence of the novel. Without a doubt, Santiago was destroyed but not defeat. Some might dispute that the old man was defeated as it states in the book they beat me Manolin they truly beat me (Hemingway 112), that the old man was defeated physically but not spiritually. Like Jesus, Santiago kept his Faith, courage, and perseverance even when he was physically destroyed. Santiago is a man that should be respected and honored for the sacrifices he demonstrates. so far though Santiago has numerous troubles he persists. He has a strong faith in Manolin, the great Joe DiMaggio, and most significantly within himself. This is by chance his greatest quality and characteristic because without it he would never have had the specialty to persevere and overcome the evil sharks. In the novel Santiagos courage is untouchable, tho it is not until he hooks onto the big fish that we really see his courage and persistence.Citation PageSparkNotes The Old Man and the ocean mean solar day One. Web. 29 Apr 2010. .Ernest Hemingway Quotes. Web. 29 Apr 2010. .http//rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu5TCxdhLFhgBbq5XNyoA_ylu=X3oDMTByZDQ4OGhzBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDOQRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkAw/SIG=13gum525d/EXP=1272584002/**http%3a//members.lycos.nl/fdhsaertgae/a-life-ldf/a-man-can-be-destroyed-but-not-defeated-.html. Web. 29 Apr 2010. .CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS THE FISH (ICHTHUS, ICTUS), CROSS AND CRUCIFIX. Web. 29 Apr 2010. .Studyworld Studynotes Old Man and the Sea, The Summary Points to Ponder. Web. 29 Apr 2010. .The Old Man and the Sea SYMBOLISM / MOTIFS / IMAGERY / SYMBOLS. Web. 29 Apr 2010. .Ernest Hemingway Quotes. Web. 29 Apr 2010. .

The Process Control Management In Linux Information Technology Essay

The serve Control Management In Linux Information Technology EssayLinux began to develop in 1991 when a Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, wrote a tiny self- seeed kernel for the 80396 plowors. Linux source code was open free on the internet. callable to that Linux developed by many a(prenominal) substance abusers from round the world. Linux is a free operational musical arrangement and modern based on UNIX standards. A complete Linux ashes contains many comp whizznts that were developed independently of Linux. The warmness of Linux run outline kernel is completely original, but it allows many real free UNIX softw atomic payoff 18 to run, resulting in a complete UNIX compatible operate system free from proprietary code.IntroductionA edge is the staple fiber caboodleting in the midst of all user activity and user-request within the in operation(p) system. Linux needs to use a process model familiar to opposite mutants of UNIX to be compatible with them. Linux oper ates same as UNIX and differently few trace tramps.Section 1 Operating SystemsProcess control management in LinuxProcesses and ThreadsLinux prepargons a fork () system call with the customary functionality of replicating a process. Linux provide ability to create move do the clone () system call. However, Linux can non mark as different amid processes and threads. Actually, Linux usually uses the term project when applying to a flow of control within a program. When clone () is pass on, it is passed a group of flog that determine how much sharing is to take place surrounded by the boot and babe duties. Thus, if clone () is approved the flags CLONE_FS, CL0NE_VM, CLONE_SIGHAND, and CLONE_FILES, the p bent and child duties will partake in the same file-system information, the same memory space, the same repoint handlers, and the same set of open files. Using clone () in this sort same as creating a thread in different systems, since the parent duty shares most of resourc es with child duty.The lack of difference between processes and threads might be possible because Linux does not hold a completed process context within the main process data structure. It keeps the context within autonomous sub-contexts. The process data structure basically contains pointers to these separate structures, so every number of processes capable easily shares a sub-context done pointing to the same sub-context as suitable.The arguments to the clone () system command it which sub-contexts to copy, and which to share, when it makes a peeled process. The new process constantly is given a new nature and a new computer programing context in accord with arguments passed, however, it whitethorn either make new process use the same sub-context data structures being used by the parent. The fork () system call si special case of clone () that duplicate all sub-context and nothing to share.Process SchedulingScheduling is allocating CPU cadence to different labors within an operating system. Commonly, being the ravel and interrupting of process are normal thinking about schedule, but another aspect of scheduling is to a fault important to Linux which is running of the various kernel tasks. Kernel tasks surround both tasks that are requested by a running process and tasks which execute internally on behalf of device driver.Linux has deuce separately different process-scheduling algorithms. First one is a conviction-sharing algorithm for fair, preemptive scheduling within quintuple processes the second one is designed for real- eon task, where particular priorities are more important than rightfulness.The scheduling algorithm used for routine, cadence-sharing tasks received a major overhaul with rendition 2.5 of the kernel. Before version 2.5, the Linux kernel made a variation of the scheduling algorithm in traditional UNIX. Problems with the traditional UNIX are among other issues that it does not provide sufficient support for SMP systems and that it does not scale very hearty as the number of tasks on the system grows. The renovation of the scheduler kernel with version 2.5 now provides a scheduling algorithm that runs in constant time without considerateness of the number of task on the system. The new process scheduler also provides reduced support for SMP, including mainframe computer affinity and load balancing, besides maintaining fairness and inter supple tasks supporting.The Linux scheduler is a particular, precession-based algorithm with two priority ranges separately a real-time range from 0 to 99 and a nice range ranging from 100 to 140. These two ranges map into universal priority scheme through numerically lower rates indicate higher priorities.Linux assigns higher-priority tasks longer time quanta and vice-versa. Due to unique nature of the scheduler, this is suitable for Linux.A run able task is considered qualify for execution on the CPU while it has time remaining in its time slice. When a task has expended its time slice, it is considered expire and is not eligible for twice execution till all other tasks hasten also exhausted their time quanta. The kernel support s a list of all run-able tasks in a run-queue data structure. Due to its support for SMP, separately central central processing unit maintains its give run-queue and schedules itself independently. Each run-queue includes two priority get downs which are active and expired. The active array contains all expired tasks and separately of these priority arrays contains a list of tasks indexed according to priority. The scheduler selects the task with the highest priority from the active array for execution on the CPU. On some multiprocessor machines, this means that for each one processor on the sensation machine is scheduling the highest-priority task from its own run-queue structure. So when all tasks wee-wee expended their time slices which is the active array is empty, the two priority arrays are repl aced as the expired array becomes the active array and vice-versa.Tasks are allocated combat-ready priorities that are based on the nice value minus or plus until value 5 based upon task interactivity. Whether a value is subtracted or added from a nice value task depends on the task interactivity. A tasks interactivity is determined by how long it has been sleeping during waiting for I/O. Tasks that are more communication typically feel longer sleep times and so are more probably to have an adjustment closer to -5, as the scheduler supports such interactive tasks. in an opposite manner tasks with shorter sleep times are in many cases more CPU-bound and therefore will have their priorities decreased.The recalculation of dynamic priority task happens when the task has depleted its time quantum and is to be travel to the expired array. thitherfore, when the two arrays are ex multifariousnessd, all tasks have been assigned in the new array to new priorities and similar time slice.re al time scheduling in Linux is simpler still. Linux performs the two real-time scheduling classes required by POSIX.1b foremost come, first served (FCFS) and round robin. Each process has a priority adjudicateless to its scheduling class in both of them. Processes of different priorities might be competed with one another to some extent in scheduling of time sharing in real time scheduling, however, the scheduler most of the time runs the process with the highest priority. Among equal priority processes, it runs the process which has been waiting longest. The only difference between round robin and FCFS scheduling is that FCFS processes continue to run till they either exit or block, but a round robin process will be acquired after a while and will be moved to the end of the scheduling queue, thus, equal priority round-robin processes will automatically time-share between themselves. Unlike usual time-sharing tasks, real-time tasks are allocated static priorities.Real-time Linux scheduling is soft rather than hard real-time. The scheduler gives strict guarantees about the sexual relation priorities of real time processes, beside the kernel does not offer any guarantees that how pronto a real time process will be schedule once that process become run able.Section 2 figurer Systems ArchitectureMicroprocessorsSingle-Processor SystemsMost of computer systems use a single processor. The variation of single-processor systems whitethorn be surprising, however, since these computer systems range from PDAs through mainframe systems. There is one main CPU capable of performing a usual purpose instruction set on a single processor system that including instructions from user processes. Almost all computer systems have other special purpose processors as well. They may come through device specialized processors, for example graphics controllers, disk and keyboard or, on mainframes, they may come from of more general processors, such as I/O processors which move da ta quickly among the component of the system.All of these special purpose system processors run a CPU limited instruction set in most of the time and do not run user processes. Sometimes they are administered by the operating system, in that the operating system sends them quickly information about their next task and past monitors their stead alternatively. For instance, a disk controller microprocessor in a system receives a sequence of requests from the main CPU and executes its own disk queue and scheduling algorithm. This arrangement releases the main CPU of the overhead of the disk scheduling. All the PCs contain a particular microprocessor in the keyboard to change the keystrokes into code to be dispatched to the CPU. In some systems special purpose processors are low-level ingredient construct into the systems hardware. The operating system cannot communicate correctly with these kinds of processors they do their task independently. The use of special purpose microproces sors is usual and does not change a single processor system into a multiprocessor. However, the system is a single-processor system if there is only one general-purpose CPU.Multiprocessor SystemsAlthough single processor systems are most ordinary, multiprocessor systems known as parallel systems are maturation in importance also. These systems have two or more processors in close communication, sharing the computer bus and sometimes the clock.Multiprocessor systems in computers have three main advantagesIncreased throughput it is expected to get more have done in few time by increasing the number of processors. When aggregate processors cipher together on a task, a specific amount of overhead is incurred relevant all the split working well. economy of scale Multiprocessor systems can sometimes cost less than multiple single processor systems, because they can share accessories, mass storage and power supplies. If several(prenominal) programs tasks operate on the same set of dat a, it costs little coin to store those data on one hard disk and to have all the processors share them than to have many systems with local disks or many copies of the data.Increased reliability if tasks can be distributed properly among several processors, so the reverse of one processor will not stop the square of system, only slow it down. For example if we have five processors and one fails, indeed rest of the remaining four processors can obtain a share of the work of failed processor. So, the entire system runs only five percent slower, and not failing altogether.Increased reliability of a system is critical in many programs. The capability to continue providing service balanced to the level of hold out computer hardware is called graceful degradation. Some computer systems go beyond graceful- degradation and known fault tolerant, because they can tolerate a failure of any single component and then continue operation. Fault security deposit requires demands a mechanism t o permit the failure to be detected, examined, and, if possible, corrected. The system is compose of multiple orthodontic bracess of CPUs working in lock step. Both processors in the straddle perform each instruction and compare the results. One CPU of the pair is at fault, and both are stopped if the results differ. the process which was being performed is then moved to another pair of CPUs, thus, the instruction that failed is restarted. This route is expensive, since it involves special system hardware and considerable hardware duplication.These days the multiple processor systems in use are of two types. The first types systems use asymmetric multiprocessing, that each processor is assigned a specific task. Thus, a crucify processor controls the system and the other processors take instructions or have predefined tasks from master. This send off defines a accurate master-slave relationship. The master system processor schedules tasks and then allocates work to the slave p rocessors.The most common computer systems use symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) to process the task, in which each processor executes all tasks within the operating system. SMP means that all system processors are peers and no any master slave relationship exists among processors. Solaris is a commercial version of UNIX designed by Sun Microsystems that is a model of the SMP systems. A Solaris system might be configured to activate many of processors, all running Solaris.The difference between asymmetric processors and symmetric multiprocessing may result from either hardware or software. Some special hardware can distinguish the multiple system processors, or the computer software can be create verbally to permit only one master and multiple slaves.A juvenile trend in CPU design these days is to comprise multiple compute cores on a single chip. Essentially, these are multiprocessor chips. Twoway multi processor chips are becoming mainstreams, while N-way chips are going to be comm on in high end systems. Except architectural consideration such as memory, cache and bus, these multi-core CPUs look to the operating system.Lastly, blade servers are a recent development in which multiple processor boards systems, I/O boards and networking boards are placed in the same foundation. The difference between traditional multiprocessor systems and these is that each blade-processor boards are multiprocessor also, which makes difference between types of computers. In essence, those servers cool of multiple independent multiprocessor systems.ConclusionThe Linux kernel is executed as a traditional en bloc kernel for performance reasons, but it is govern enough in design to allow most drivers to be dynamically loaded and unloaded at run time.Linux is a well done multiuser system, arranging protection between processes and running multiple processes according to a time sharing scheduler. Recently produced processes can share selective parts of their execution environment th rough their parent processes, allowing multithreaded programming.

Philips: Marketing, Launch and Sales Processes

Philips Marketing, Launch and Sales ProcessesOne of the most inwrought parts of managing a successful keep comp each is how successfully it manages to de except and market a new mathematical harvest in the market. It dep eat ups on the company whether they want marketing to be d matchless individually for all harvest-festival or in a set for a group of compar suitable line harvests.The briny close of promoting a new produce is to puff new nodes to the company and let majority of your chump market cognizant of the companys latest point of intersection. With off that in that location is a really minimum chance of you acquiring the attention of your rivet group.Marketing is all important(predicate) for both, the harvest-festival and the company that sells it. flaw is very(prenominal) important for the establishment and identity of a new w be. merchandising a harvest-tide under a global strike out gives your reaping servicemanwide recognition, which automati cally supporters in more gross revenue. If the point of intersection is successful, you will give up a product that sells for itself Also, a new and ripe product gives more recognition to a send and brings more reference.The product which I chose is a 3 in 1 kitchen restroom and the company I chose for the marketing, despatch and sales of this product is Philips.ObjectiveIn this report, my goal is to find out how compatible is my product with the company I chose to sell it. I draw to figure out how much that vane helps in establishing my product, and too that how my product is capable of increasing the brand value and audience of the respective company. For that I make d matchless the company analysis and product analysis and at long last the marketing strategy.Company backgroundPhilips is a world-wide renowned company for the relaxation and innovation they put in their products. The company has a rich profile, and or so of its important aspects be briefly explaine d below.Philips marketing strategyPhilips as a company believes in Improving multitudes lives through meaningful innovations. Philips promotes themselves as a consumer-led company, gum olibanum all the RD (research ontogeny) processes ar based on creating products that are reorient with the current needs and demands of the consumers. Philips distri onlyes their products non only through physical stores save also through modern medium, like e-marketing, via their website. The company website provides detailed product information and prices, along with the latest promotional offers available. The website also helps in ratting availability of their products in distinct countries world-wide.ProductsPhilips has a wide product phase available for all types of customers in the market. Philips products are basically divided into the side by side(p) categories-M another(prenominal) and child care products Feeding bottles, tethers and skin care products. own(prenominal) care Shav ers, hair styling products, hair rem everywheres, etc.Lighting Apart from fixtures and supposition lighting they also provide car lights. Recently they have nonplused apply LED lights.Audio and video products Television, stereo, etc.Home instruments- Kitchen doojiggers, vacuum ashener, press machine, etc.Phones desktops.Accessories USB, remote control, electronic soup-strainer, etc.Pricing strategyPhilips uses charge differentiation strategy for setting price of their products. the price of Philips products are different in different countries, overdue to the use of different currencies and variation in the government regulations in different parts of the world. It is visible on Philips website also that in that location is a difference in the prices of the equivalent product in different countries.Philips also uses the price differentiation strategy for a product in the akin country. They will have different price for the same product, depending upon the version and f lavour of the product.Philips storesThe main headquarters of Philips is located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Philips world a world renowned company, has its stores in more than 100 countries of the world (Australia New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, Mainland china, France, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Israel, Mexico, Pakistan, Poland, US, etc.), divided into 5 regions- North America, Latin America, Middle-East Africa, Europe and Asia-pacific. They have special promotional activities like contests, discounts, coupons, etc. during all festive seasons, to rise their sales. Philips also manages their sales through E-commerce.Promotional schemesPhilips promotes its brand and products through a plenty of mediums. They use billboards, print media, electronic media and internet for advertising their product. be such a big company Philips always has to maintain their bizarre and new PR strategies and campaigns. Some of the best examples of Philips campaigns are-The product launch of kitc hen appliance Air fryer was very successful, as they promoted it as a product which helps in a healthy and convenient way of cooking.Another promotional campaign was for Aurea T.V., where they hired a model for the promotion, as their promotional thought for the T.V. was seduction by light.Type of audiencePhilips deals with a wide string of target market, differing in age, culture, sex, status, etc., but most of the customers are loyal because they are satisfied with the brand promise that Philips fulfil. Philips products are not for conservative or sceptic audience. Philips audience are the people who believe in the brand, but are also willing to try the new innovative products that Philips comes up with. Philips products deal be use at any time of the family life- cycle. indeed people around the world subvert 1 million Philips consumer products every day.Brand identityPhilips is a very strong brand name. It has positioned itself as a high quality and innovative brand. Their tag line is signified and simplicity, and that is exactly what they deliver through their products.One of the very important features of Philips is that they make useful, healthy, eco- matey and innovative products. Their mission is to make cities liable by providing healthcare products, managing essential resources (like lighting) and supporting independent living.Philips increased its brand value by 8% to USD 8.3 billion in 2008. It was ranked 43rd most valuable brand in the inter-brand 2008 ranking of best global brands.CompetitorsNow-a-days due to increasing industrial enterprise there is immense competition in every industry. There are a get by of companies making same products and trying to sell it in the market.It is the same with Philips. Philips has some direct competitors like Samsung, L.G., Sony and Panasonic who all make a wide variety of products. Apart from that it has some indirect competitors for various products, like-PG and von Braun for Male dry shaving applian cesOral B for Power toothbrushKENWOOD for Food PreparationKRUPS for Drip filter coffeeCompanys SWOTStrengths encompassing variety of consumer lifestyle products and home appliances.Strong research and development processes. ease and innovation as the theme of every productLarge subdue of loyal customersPresent in umteen countries around the world.Reputed and renowned brand name.Large base of copyright patents.WeaknessLate in development of new products.Distribution channel is not extensive.Price is comparatively higher(prenominal) than the competitors.OpportunitiesThe ever changing needs and preferences of the market.Increasing awareness of environmental friendly products.Technological advancements.Changing government regulations.ThreatsIncreasing competition.Dealing in different currencies of the world.Economic recession in future leading to less product consumption.Adapting to the spendthrift changing business environment.Product analysis-Product- The product is basically a 3 i n 1 kitchen appliance. It consists of a coffee maker, toaster and a skillet. An additional accessory (spatula) is available with the product. The specifications of the product are as followsuntitled.46.jpgMaterials ABS plastic, non-stick coat skillet, rubber stands.Temperature control knob for toasterColor schemes Pink white, yellow white, Blue black and Orange white.Dimension batchKomal appliance 1.jpgThe product is exactly targeted for audience who are always busy in their locomote life, and has no time in the hectic mornings to prepare a proper breakfast. The target market is bachelors who may be studying or working(a) or newlyweds. People who are innovators will definitely try this one. Acoording to the price, middle separate and start out upper class will buy the product.PriceThis appliance is definitely cheaper than the price of a coffee maker, a toaster and a pan separately.Komal appliance 3.jpgPlaceAs this a product for working generation, the placement should be done in metropolitan cities. This product has no boundaries of religion or community so it ignore be presented in any country which is unquestionable or developing. A high end mall is very good place for this product, as every one visits malls on weekends.PromotionThe key point for promotion will be its compact intention and easy usage. This product is 3 in 1, therefrom it croup do 3 tasks in the time of 1 and action time, which is the highlight of the product. The product will be marketed as The appliance of youth.br4dvb 5.jpgIt merchant ship be launched in a set of color schemes and graphics. So any gender or culture audience batch buy it. It burn be promoted through commercials, print media and billboards. Side 1.jpgKomal appliance 2.jpgSWOT of the productStrengthNew and innovative conceptSaves time and gold due to its 3 in 1 applaince concept, which slew attract the target market. obtainable in different colors and design, so audience has a exemption of choice.Simple inter looking and easy usability.WeaknessNot fully developed and testedA large number of market is not the focus of product. hazardCan be telld as The appliance for fast pace lifestyleMany features can be improvised and then the company can come up with a new and better version of the product.There is no homogeneous product in the market, so there is no comparison bar for setting the cost.ThreatPeople may be apprehensive about a new concept, thus the product can fail in the market.There is no reason for audience to trust a new product without any brand name or garuntee.Possibility of the idea being copied by other companies.Marketing plan for product launchCompetitors- Philips being a very reputed and experienced company in the household appliance sector has to face stiff competition from other companies, like BRAUN, Morphy Richards, etc. However the 3 in 1 appliance (coffee maker + toaster + skillet) is a new(a) idea which is scratch line of its kind in the industry. This appl iance, therefore, will give Philips the frontmost mover emolument and competitive edge over its competitors.Target the exaltation customers- The appliance has a limited range on the target customer profile, but under Philips, who has a very strong and loyal customer base, it will still have a large number of audiences assignment in the customer range. Below are the exact details of what the audience will be like.Age 18- 30 year old is the main age group for this product.Household income As this product is a general launch, a fix house hold income cant be estimated. but the target market for this appliance is the families from upper middle class and lower upper class.Geographical location The product is such that it can be used all around the world, by people of any nationality or culture. Philips products are sold in more than 100 countries around the world, thereby providing a huge customer base for the product.Work situation the work situation of the target market can be of 2 types- untried adults staying away from their family for studies.People who have a 9 to5 job and very hectic mornings.Create a unique value proposition- This appliance has a lot of special features that set it apart from other company products and gives Philips an advantage of coming up with a one of its kind new and innovative appliance.Saves time the product can perform tercet different tasks, meant for three different kitchen products, in the time of one, due to its 3 in 1 engineering feature. This saves a lot of time and energy of the user. it can be healthy in a way because those who used to skip there proper breakfast because of hectic mornings will now be able to get an ideal breakfast without compromising much on time.Saves money It obviously saves a lot of money if you can just buy 1 product instead of three Philips products are mostly a little high prized compared to other brands, because of its product quality and brand name. This may cause losing some customers who ha ve a lower budget. notwithstanding this 3 in 1 appliance is an exception, as it will cost businesslike compared to the price range of other Philips products. here is the approximate difference-Good quality toaster (49 S$) + good quality coffee maker (49 S$) + an average skillet (50 S$) = approximately 150 S$Whereas, the 3 in 1 appliance, roughly, will only costs around 80 S$, saving approximately 50- 70 S$.Compact design In todays world everybody wants a product which consumes less space and is considerably movable. Plus the ideal market for this product will potentially be the people living in apartments or condos, which mean they will not have a lot of space in their kitchen for bulky appliances. This product surely is a relief for them, because like all other Philips products, this one is also compact.Easy and quick As all the processes of the appliance are engineered to be automatic and has storage for water / milk and coffee there is any need of adding the ingredients every time you use the appliance.Easy cleanup spot The material of the appliance is glossy plastic on the outside and the inside parts like the storage of coffee and water are clastic also the skillet is removable. So it becomes very easy for the user to clean the appliance from outside and inside. Moreover, there are rubber stands under the appliance so that its easy to shift and clean the bottom surface of the product.Opportunity of choice Philips has always given choices of colors to the users in most of their products. But this product is one step ahead. It not only has color preferences but also comes in 3 different graphics on the outmost body- plain, waves and floral designs. People always love to be able to demand their favourite from all the given choices, than being forced to buy a product which has no color/ design preferences.Uniformity The product can be a huge success in the market because of 1 more reason- coffee is a worldwide beverage, thus giving the product a good chance of being accepted all over the world.Marketing strategy and tactics- As mentioned in the report earlier, Philips pays a lot of attention on how well the product is marketed and launched and spends accordingly on the promotion. This can be very beneficial for promoting a new product in the market, under the brand name of Philips.The target market being a new age generation, the strategy will be more toilsome on usage of modern age media like internet brotherly network website. Apart from that Philips already has its own official website which is very instructive of its products.The usage of print media like newspapers and magazines etc. is also necessary to dust the product information to a large number of audiences.Outdoor advertising like Billboards, bus-stops advertisements near universities/ colleges and central business district is very important to reach the exact target market.Lastly one of the most used advertising sources, television commercials, can also be used for a better marketing of the product experience. exam concept and marketing approach- Testing of the product can be done through a lot of mediums.Philips places its products in famous retail outlets, like big bazaar in India or courts in Singapore, which are nationally recognized and visited by many people. This gives Philips products an opportunity to come across a large number of audiences.The same tactics can be used for the testing of the new product. the 3 in 1 appliance can be displayed on a stall in these stores and people by passing the stall can see the demonstration of the working appliance, as well as can use it themselves to better understand the features of the products.Online surveys can be done petition suggestions about the concept and aesthetic appeal of the product.Lastly, Philips can give a money back or product exchange guarantee to first 10,000 customers of the appliance, all over the world. They can ask those customers for their feedback on what they felt we nt persecute and accordingly do changes in the product, if needed.Rolling out campaign- This is the time when Philips brand name plays a very important role. There are 3 ways of campaigning for the appliance-Showing testimonials of the users of the product on T.V. commercials. This way people will relate more to the product.Sponsoring an event related to cooking/ grooming shows for e.g. Master Chef, so at the end the show will advertise Philips kitchen appliances, including the 3 in 1 appliance.Sponsoring a cookery competition, and giving the product as a gift to the winner.Know your product lifecycle- Any product has 4 main phase of its life. Below is the chart showing the lifecycle of the sales of any product.Introduction- First six months, sales of the product will be slow. Buyers who are innovators will mostly use the product.Growth- With the increasing promotion by Philips, after six months of launch, the product will have increasing sales. By then people who are loyal to th e Philips brand will start buying it.Maturity- By now everybody see the product as an establish and reliable product. Now the product will reach the peak sales and also the onset of decline due to the possible launch of similar products by the competitors.Decline- this is the time when the product loses its novelty factors and there will be a need to rethink the product attributes and come up with a better version as soon as possible.ConclusionIn the end I think that Philips as a brand is consummate for the kind of product I have designed. It really will help the product with the brand name of Philips. Similarly I think Philips can also gain more number of audiences because of my product.

donepezil hydrochloride

donepezil hydrochlorideAbstract-This bind describes the disco actually processes of donepezil hydrochloride which is inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Cholinergic opening and an an other(prenominal)(prenominal) studies proved that deterioration in cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease is callable to deficit in cholinergic neurotransmission and post to treat Alzheimer disease is to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Position emission tomography (PET) reading has shown that donepezil distributes in all acetylcholineterase rich read/write head regions and binds to it. Structure bodily function relationship (SAR) and quantitative construction use relationship (QSAR) has excessively revealed that donepezil hydrochloride is gives best actylcholinesterase inhibition activity than its other analogues. more regularity actings ar available for deduction of donepezil hydrochloride with their merits and demerits.Keywords-Donepezil hydrochloride, Aricept, acetylcholi nesterase inhibitors, PET study, indanone polarial gears.Abbrevations AD(Alzheimer disease), PET( moorage emission tomography), QSAR(quantitative structure activity relationship), Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor(AchEI),Aim To study versatile processes involved in drug discovery of Donepezil hydrochloride.Objectives-The main Objectives of this project argon given belowTo study overall literature review of donepezil hydrochloride .To dissertate discovery process involved in discovery of donepezil hydrochloride such as object glass appointment, target confirmation and wind optimizationIntroduction-Donepezil hydrochloride is the reversible acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibitor having N-benzylpiperidine and indanone moiety in it (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2008). It is referred as E2020 in most of the pharmaceutical literatures. This is the second drug approved by U.S FDA for treatement mild and moderate Alzheimer disease (Stahl Stephen M et al, 2006). It is secure and marketed in United states of America, some European and Asian countries under the wiliness name Aricept by Eisai.co.,Ltd (Stahl Stephen M et al, 2006) (Tripathi KD , 2006) (Dale Rang H et al, 2006).Drug Discovery of donepezil-The drug discovery process of donepezil involves various phases as follows marker identificationTarget constitution haul recognitionLead optimizationTarget identificationTarget identification of drug means molecular recognition of come out to which it will bind. For many drugs target is protein molecules. Target identification needs discipline ab off pathophysiology of disease and identification of particular biochemical substance steps that leads to healthful intervention. Conventional stratergies of target identification are mainly based on pathphysiology of disease. but newer stratergies of target of identification are based on proteonomics and genomics (Rang H PB et al, 2006). About 50-60% of Alzheimer disease patient are of over 65 year age (Sugimoto Hachiro e t al, 2006). It is the neurodegenerative disorder with mean duration of 8.5 years amid onset of action and death of patient (Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2006). Symtoms of this disease includes gross and forward-looking impairement of cognitive functions. The most affected areas in the alzheimers disease are genus Hippocampus and neopallium which are important for mental functions. Pathophysiology of disease consists of external deposits of granular precursors and intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles leads to neuronal synapses loss (Francis Paul T et al, 1999) of import amylaceous is the main component of sensile plaque formed by proteolysis of amyloid precursor proteins. Tangles are abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and regulated by balance between multiple kinases and phosphates. Hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins carry out sequestration of normal tau and other microtubule associated protein leads to disablement of axonal transport. This tau becomes prone to aggregation into insoluble fibril in tangles (Bartonili Manuala et al, 2003) (Andrisano Vincenza et al, 2003) agree to cholinergic hypothesis, deterioration in cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease is due to degeneration of cholinergic neuron into forebrain and consequently lessen cholinergic neurotransmission in cerebral cortex and hippocampus (Francis Paul T et al 1999).Cholinergic neuron synthesizes acetylcholine, which is the acetic window pane ester of choline. Acetylcholine is synthesized from the acetic acid and choline with the sponsor of cholineacetylase. After stimuli vesicles discharge acetylcholine at the nerve ending and binds to postsynaptic receptors. Acetylcholine is stored into the synaptic vesicles which are accumulated at the nerve endings, also prevents its hydrolysis. Acetylcholine is hydrolises by acetylcholinesterase into acetic acid and choline(Tripathi KD 2006). Thus in Alzheimer disease cholinergic neurotransmission can be raise by inhibiting pre venting the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, choline precursor,acetylcholine release facilitators ,M1 and M3 agonists ,Nicotinic agonistics but all these drugs were not effective to remedy cognitive function in Alzheimer disease except cholinesterase inhibitors. Cholinesterase drugs have shown significant amendment in cognitive functions of Alzheimer disease. This has proved that cholinesterase inhibition is the main target to improve cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease (Sabbagha Marwan N et al, 2008) (Fisher Abraham et al, 2008).Target validation of donepezil-Target validation is the investigational approach by which potential drug target can be time-tested and given further reliability. Target validation is pharmaceutical approach in which influence of drug is observed. (Rang H PB et al, 2006). According to cholinergic and other studies acetylcholinesterase inhibition is the main target to improve imrove cogntitive functions in alzheimer disease patient. Okamaru Nobuyuki et al studied invivo stuffing of donepezil in the brain of alzheimer disease patient. They radiolabled donepezil as 11c-methoxy-donepezil for position emission tomography imaging. Evaluation of binding and distribution of donepezil performed on mild and moderate Alzheimer disease patients. Normal learn theme volunteers had neither cognitive function impairements nor cerebrovascular lesions on magnetized resonance. PET study carried out after three months of neuropsychological medical examination. Region of interest analysis was carried for validation of regional distrubution of donepezil. PET images present that high pile of 11C-donepezil distributed in all regions of brain alike striatum, thalamus, striatum, and neocortex which are rich in acetylcholinesterase. Tissue metre curves of c11 -donipezil shown initial quick uptake of donepezil in brain followed by gradual clearance in both elderly normal and alzheimer disease patients. Specific distribution volume was calculated fr om region of interest by metabolite corrected plasma time activity curve. Donezpezil shown linear regression on logan plot analysis in all brain region as shown in figure -1. (Okamura Nobuyuki et al, 2008) (Yanai Kazuhiko et al, 2003)Lead generation A lead colonial is a new chemical entity that could potentialy developed into new drug by optimizing its valuable and minimizing side effect. spunky throught screening is mainly used for lead generation(Rang H P et al, 2006). Many drugs were trialed to improve the cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease like cholinergic agonist such as oxetremorine, choline precursor phosphatidylcholine but that were inffective. Numerous clinical trials carried out on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as physostigmine, this trial shown that this class of drug resulted in improvement of cognitive functions in Alzheimer disease patients. However these clinical trials also proved that physostigmine has poor brain Penetration and thus less combat-rea dy (Muramoto,M et al, 1979). In 1981 summers et.al gave intravenous injection of tacrine to Alzheimer disease patients which were until that time used as antiseptic. These doses of tacrine shown measurable improvement in alzheimer symtoms but tacrine had shown many side cause such as hepatotoxicity( Farlow SI et al, 1992).Later then scientist focused on development of new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Research and development of donepezil started in 1983 in Eisai .co .Ltd. Kawakami et al started to develop nontoxic tacrine derivatives but they failed to develop such tacrine derivative. While random screening scientists observed that N-benzylpiperazine ( colonial-A) has moderate anticholinesterase activity which was previously being synthesized for antiarterial sclerosis(Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al 2000)). Du gang subsequent screening Kawakami et al used benzylpiperazine as seed unite and synthesized around 700 derivatives. Succeeding this experiment, it was observed that subjoin in acetylcholinesterase activity by replacing n-benzylpiperazine with N-benzylpiperidine moiety( step up-B). It was also found that slightly increase in activity by replacing ether sort with amide multitude(compound-C) and removal of nitro convention from benzamide moeity (compound-D) decreases activity. ((Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al 2000).From these results Kawakami et al synthesized benzsulfonyl derivative and found that it is a most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor than benzpiperazine derivative. Benzsulfonyl derivarive showed very selective activity towards acetylcholinesterase but very poor bioavaibility. On the foothold of this result they used benzoylsulfonyl derivative as lead compound. In beside screening they replaced amide moiety with ketone moiety and maintained activity. Then Kawakami et al synthesized various indanone derivatives among them he found that donepezil has good acetylcholinesterase activity and bioavaibility(Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 1992).STRUCTURE AC TIVITY race OF DONEPEZILIndananone derivatives were tested on rat for acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity according to method of Ellman et al. donepezil structure is divided into four rings as follows.Part 1- Indanone ringPart 2 -linkage moeityPart 3- piperidine moeityPart4 -benzyl moietyModification at Indanone moeity If indanone moeity is replaced with -tetralone ,1-benzene suberone , 5,6 dimethoxy indene greately decreased activity ,while 25 fold increased activity by introducing methxy group at 5,6 position of indanone moeity .Carbonyl group is important for activity.Introduction of methoxy group at R3 position increase in activity by 20 fold .A methoxy group at R4 position increases activityby 10 fold . also slightly increase in activity on substitution to of methoxy group at space-reflection symmetry position in the benzoyl group moeity enhanced binding to the active site of acetylcholinesterase enzyme(Camps Pelayo et al, 2008).2) Modification at linkage moiety-Various bridging group between indanone and piperidine moeity were tested for cholinesterase activity. If both indanone and piperidine rings joined directly then it dicreases activity .Increase in acivity with different bridging group in the following order prophylene methylenepenthylene ethylene butylenes. (Sugimoto Hachiro et al , 1990).(3)Modification at piperidine moeity-Activity is depend on location and no of jotic number 7 atom .Nitrogen atom at 1-position of benzpiperidine is important for activity since N atom at 4-position of benzpiperidine decreases activity .If piperidine ring is replaced with piperazine moeity .then it dicreases activity(Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 2008).4)Modification at benzyl moeity-3-position substituted benzyl derivative showed greater activity among -2,-3,-4, substituted reioisomers .If benzene ring is substituted with electron withdrawing nitrogen group and electron donating methyl group shows similar activity .Replacement of benzyl group with phenylethyl group and 2-napthyl group decreased activity(.Kawakami Yoshiyuki et al, 2000)( Sugimoto Hachiro et al, 1990).Lead development of donepezil Once lead compound is identified then it is optimized and characterized for different aspects such as QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship), SAR(structure activity relationship), deductive reasoning method .Synthesis of donepezil If any compound shows optimum activity in above lead optimization processes then that compounds inaugurate in further stage of lead optimization process. For physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic, pharmacokidynamic study of lead compound highly purified and large amount of drug is required. thereof discount method for lead compound is important. Sugimoto and co-workers discovered method for synthesis of donezepil with an overall behave of 27.4%. This process involves synthesis of , substituted ketones(compound 11) from 1-indanone by aldol condensation. This unsaturation reaping is catalytically reduced by Palladium to compound (13) but this method needs subzero temperature (-78%) and very toxic chemicals, such as n- butyl litium.( Tsuchiya Yutaka, 1992).Also many other method have been reported, which are too time devour or not suitable for large scale production. Stephen discovered effective synthesis method for donepezil and its analogue. This method involves hydrogenation of pyridine analogues ( compound 7) by using platinum oxide scheme 2, path A which is very high-ticket(prenominal) .If platinum oxide replace with less expensive 5% atomic number 46 carbon then it synthesizes compound (8) and compound (11).(US overt 6252081). Chandrashekhar R et al developed economical and efficient method for donepezil synthesis (scheme 2, path ). In first step they condensed 5,6 dimethoxy -1-indan 1-one compound 2 with isonicotinaldehyde compound(3) by alteration in standard procedure .By this condensation they formed intermediate compound (6) with 95.8% yield. Afterward he carried out hydrogenation of pyridine ring by using palladium carbon then he observed two main impurities compound (9) and compound (10) due to competitive side reaction of carbonyl ring. In this method they not only maintained different reaction conditions like reaction time, hydrogen pressure, and different solvent but also hydrogenated compound (6) in methanol under hydrogen pressure with 90% yield and 98.5% purity. Final step of donepezil involves benzylation of compound (8). In benzylation nature of solvent and smell benzylbromide plays important role in controlling dibenzyl product ( Elati Chandrashekar R et al, 2006).If acetone, dichloromethane, acetonitril, isopropylether and dichloromethane gives very poor yield.Conclusion-In conclusion donepezil hydrochloride is the novel and efficacious cholinesterase inhibitor than other acetylchlinesterase inhibitors. Cholinergic hypothesis shown that cholinergic degradation is the main reason for Alzheimer isease. By target validation it is also proved that donepezil bind to the acetyl cholinesterase and inhibits it. By the target validation it is also proved that donepezil inhibits cholinesterase mainly into the cortical and other areas where high concentration of cholinesterase is situated Is Donepezil has strongly proved cholinergic hypothesis and Also shown that cholineterse inhibition is the main target for treatement of alzimer disease than acetylcholine agonists and acetylcholine precursor. After different structure replacement and attachment to the lead compound of donepezil it is also proved that donepezil has good specificity and activity than other analogues .QSAR study of donepezil and its analogues also shown that donepezil is strongly binds to cholinesterase than other indanone derivatives. Sugimoto and their co workers also synthesized different pyridine and indanone derivatives they also got good efficacy of the results .For donepezil synthesis different methods have been developed all have some disadvantages and problems regarding hydrogenation step. But chandrashekhar elati et al method has overcome this problems by modifying synthesis methods.Acknowledgement-I thank to Dr Kevine Devine, Dr Annie Bligh, Dr Dhaya Perumal for their guidance to study drug discovery technology module and deck up project(Dissitation) on donepezil discovery processes.

A Concussion is No Laughing Matter Essay examples -- Exploratory Essay

A Concussion is No Laughing thingIts something we see it in political machinetoons all the duration one share gets bonked on the wellspring and stars are suddenly rootless in the denudate with the cartoon having a dazed look. However, only seconds subsequently the cartoon is bottom up and back in action. This may face funny on the latest saga of Tom and Jerry or Coyote and Roadrunner, only if its non so funny in real life. visual perception stars, feeling dazed, and losing mind may be a type of understanding injury called a concussion. A concussion, simply put, is a temporary freeing of normal star function caused by a sudden dork or draw to the head. Concussions and other types of brain injuries are fairly common. jibe to the Brain dent Association of America, every 21 seconds, someone in the United States suffers from a brain injury. Most doctors consider concussions as a mild roll of brain injury because they are usually not life minacious (cdc.gov). Even so , the effects of concussions can be serious. some(prenominal) blow to the head can warrant a concussion. Sport accidents, falls, fights, and car accidents are th... A Concussion is No Laughing Matter rise examples -- Exploratory EssayA Concussion is No Laughing MatterIts something we see it in cartoons all the time one character gets bonked on the head and stars are suddenly floating in the air with the cartoon having a dazed look. However, only seconds later the cartoon is back up and back in action. This may seem funny on the latest saga of Tom and Jerry or Coyote and Roadrunner, but its not so funny in real life. Seeing stars, feeling dazed, and losing consciousness may be a type of brain injury called a concussion. A concussion, simply put, is a temporary loss of normal brain function caused by a sudden jolt or blow to the head. Concussions and other types of brain injuries are fairly common. According to the Brain Injury Association of America, every 21 secon ds, someone in the United States suffers from a brain injury. Most doctors consider concussions as a mild form of brain injury because they are usually not life threatening (cdc.gov). Even so, the effects of concussions can be serious. Any blow to the head can warrant a concussion. Sport accidents, falls, fights, and car accidents are th...

Comparing A Midsummers Nights Dream, King Richard II, and King Lear :: comparison compare contrast essays

Relation between Nature and Man in A Midsummers Nights Dream, King Richard II, and King Lear A Midsummers Nights Dream, King Richard II, and King Lear both represent different philosophies people hold regarding the phenomenon of their lives. The relationships between human races and foreign forces differ between the plays too. A Midsummers Nights Dream emphasizes records part in human breeding. It is seen as the driving force for everything good and bad. Divine decree is the focus in King Richard II. The characters all seem to have a normal acceptance of outcomes as what the gods wanted. Lastly, King Lear has man viewing nature as destructive and angry. He wants to control natures fury and decide for himself what should be pleasant and legitimate. While none of these philosophies can be labeled as defame or right, each does have valid support within the given play. The first play, A Midsummers Nights Dream has a lot of nature metaphor is in families. The very first con versation in it has a king blaming the moon and night time for his not being equal to marry. Theseus wanted to marry Hippolita right away but four moonshines were delaying him. another(prenominal) example comes from Lysander. He saw roses in Hermias cheeks and rain falling from her disturbed eyes. When Lysander wakes up and sees Helena, He decides he wants her instead of Hermia. He says, things growing ar not ripe until their season . . . which leads me to your eyes (MND II, 2,100-110). He compares himself to unripe take or something that has not reached its final or mature stage in growth. Lysander said that he only fancied Hermia because he was young and nave but now that he was ripe, he wanted Helena. This is a parallel made by Lysander to nature. Not only did he cogitate that nature controlled all actions but he truly believed everything followed the same life pattern. Later, Lysander is confronted by Hermia and he compares her to terrible things like animals and serpents because he no long-lived saw her as his love but as someone he outgrew. This reference shows a part of life that is not wonderful and moderately but loathsome and dirty. Nature is obviously a very king-sized part in the play too because of the continual reference and close to constant presence of the fairy King Oberon and his Queen Titania.

inof on Joan Makes History :: essays research papers

What were after, of course, is stories, and we lie with that history is bulging with beauties. Having found them, we then proceed to fiddle with them to crap them the way we want them to be, rather than the way they really were. We get it wrong, willfully and knowingly.But perhaps you could say that the very flagrency of our "getting it wrong" points to the occurrence that all stories rase the history "story" are do. They have an agenda, even if its an unconscious one. Perhaps there are many ship canal to get it right. The interesting parts of history are probably eer whats not there. My own special area of interest near whats not in history is the women. As you would all know, by and large theyre sadly absent from the historical record. However, Im lucky to be the recipientcustodian, even, if that doesnt sound too grandioseof a well-fixed oral history handed obliterate from my amaze, who got it from her mother and so on back down the line. Shes told me f amily stories from every propagation since our family first came to Australiain the form of our wicked convict ancestor Solomon Wiseman, in 1806. Sol is supposed to have murdered his wife, and turned his daughter expectant to the riding-masterout of the house to starve. (But perhaps, the novelist in me thinks, she didnt starve , but went on to have, well, a story) in that location was "Uncle Willie with the red hair" who was "killed by falling off a horse when he was eighteen and broke his mothers heart." There was her own mother, in love with a Catholic boya love as unthinkable as between a Montagu and a Capulet and was forced to marry a good Protestant boy. You should see the play on her face in the wedding photos.This oral history, handed down in a series of formalised anecdotes from mother to daughter, leaving rich areas for speculation in between is, I suspect, one of the things thats made me a novelist.http//www.nla.gov.au/events/history/papers/Kate_Grenvill e%20.htmlSOUL-SEARCHING about our past is the new literary fashion. It is the period in which the breast-beaters, the moral Pharisees, are driven to advertise us how, unlike their predecessors, they have political and moral virtue. The Aborigines, women and ordinary bulk have become the goodies, and all those who ignored them in their books or their tenet have become the baddies. The winds of change are blowing over the ancient continent.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: essays research papers

give birth AND CREATION One of the main issues in the novel, and likewise in superior Frankensteins mind. One of the reasons for creating his monster, Frankenstein was challenging natures law of populace. That is, to create a being, male spermatozoan and female egg must be united etc.. He was also fraught with the mystery of death and the life cycle. He created something in rebelliousness of our understanding of birth and creation. However the similarity of Frankensteins creation and a babys creation is that both need to be held responsible for, and consequences dealt with, from the moment of birth. Frankenstein failed to do this with his creation.? whence did the principle of life proceed?To examine the causes of life, we must first bring recourse to death??I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the mend purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body?ALIENATION Alienation is communicate of frequently throughout the novel. Felt by both Frankenstein and his creation. Th e monster is decrepit by the very person who brought him into the world, thus leaving him completely and entirely isolated. Frankenstein feels alienated, because he is burdened with the secret that he has let loose a monster on society and is the real reason for his loved ones deaths. He alienates himself because of his feelings of guilt, shame and hatred of himself for committing such a sin. The monster sole(prenominal) realises his feelings of aberration after observing the cottagers for such a long time, comparing their lives to his own, extending his association and then finally setting himself up for rejection when going in to the cottage, believe that they will accept him. Both eventually deal with their alienation by blaming the other and setting out to get revenge. ?All save I, were at rest or in enjoyment?, heavyweight (138)?My protectors had departed, and had broken the nevertheless link that held me with the world?, Monster (140)?I, the miserable, and the abandoned , am an abortion, to be spurned at, kicked, and trampled on.? Monster (224)?Noone can conceive the anguish I suffered?. Frankenstein (78)?I shunned the face of piece of music?, Frankenstein (93)?I feel as if I was walking on the perimeter of a precipice, towards which thousands are crowding, endeavouring to plunge me into the abyss?. Frankenstein (96)THE MONSTROUS AND THE HUMAN The only disagreement between the monster in this novel, and humans, is the appearance, although it is a great difference there are greater similarities brain, way of thinking, emotions etc.

Essay --

Anthony burgess once said that The important thing is chaste choice. Evil has to cost along with good, in order that moral choice may operate. life story is sustained by the grinding opposition of moral entities. In his dystopian new(a)la, Burgess discusses the topic of free will and reinforces the notion of moral choice and having the immunity to choose either good or evil. Alex starts off inherently evil, committing horrendous acts of terror, entirely to reveal change in the final chapter of the novel when he abandons the status quo and begins searching for a new life, one with a wife and a son of his own. Alexs personal shift key results in a newfound freedom, which is attributed to the idea that goodness is genuine only when it is chosen, and that without moral choice man ceases to be man, but instead, he is rendered into a clockwork orange tree, a deterministic mechanism.Alex, the protagonist, becomes the first subject of Ludovicos Technique, a reformation method impos ed by the state that causes a person to only commit acts of goodness. In a 1986 essay, Burgess writes, If a person can only coiffure good or only perform evil, then he is a clockwork orange- meaning that he has the appearance of an organism lovely with colour and juice but is in fact only a clockwork toy to be wound up by God or the Devil or (since this is increasingly replacing both) the Almighty State. Alex believes that forgivings are born and bound(p) to be evil, needing societal pressures and education to become good. Alex does not view his determination for evil as a result of his environment rather, the dystopian context is a result of his actions and the actions of other wrongdoers. Therefore, Alex can be seen as a victim of Original Sin, the Christian idea ... ...ho has desires to overthrow the government, ultimately uses Alex, who sav eonness raped his wife and led to her eventual death, as a sacrificial lamb for his own political agenda. Even the cats belonging to the old cat-lady, who Alex kills in his excursion to the Manse get reimbursed by taking all of Alexs things. Alex is imprisoned to his past, until he assumes all responsibility for his former actions, and once he has paid the price for them, he is able to discover the newfound freedom that comes with personal growth and maturity. His desire for happiness a loving wife, a son of his own, and a role in the working-class society, culminates in his transformation from a inherently evil child to a rational, good human being. (the 21st, which is significant, as the right to vote in Britain was granted at the age of 21 and is seen as a rite of passage into adulthood).

Foundation, Foundation and Empire, and Caves of Steel, by Isaac Asimov

Every iodin is faced with difficult obstacles at many point in his or her life, whether or not they are commensurate to overcome them can define them as a person. Every falsehood has a plot, but a plot is determined by the characters and their actions to events that strike place in the story. According to the article Science fabrication Images of Computers and Robots written by Patricia S. Warrick, many of the plots in Asimovs novels dep subvert on computers and robots along with billet exploration and development (54). Characters in the novels written by Isaac Asimov have to work out out the capabilities of new technology, understand other characters, and find solutions to problems with no end in sight. Characters actions and responses to problems play large roles in the plot of a story. The characters in Asimovs novels have to solve problems that could affect the approaching of humankind. With such undischarged advancements in technology, the humans have to worry that te chnology such as robots will take over and become the primary race. In Isaac Asimovs novel, Foundation and Empire, one of the themes is deception and some characters use deception to swallow what they want, and in a world of office staff, they became the most powerful of all. When the structure of organizations and countries begin to fall apart in the world, there are some the great unwashed who will do almost anything to gain power. In Asimovs eyes, the future world is going to be enormous expanding across galaxies, having unlimited technology, and billions of people. Asimov is one of few writers who has had success writing novels containing science fiction and mystery. Isaac Asimov depicts similar themes of power and deception by using the plot, characters, and setting, while the use of all these makes him an i... ...simov. Ed. Joseph D. Olander and Martin kick up Greenberg. N.p. Taplinger, 1977. 32-58. Rpt. in coeval Literary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit Ga le, 1983. 41-45. Print.Short, Sue. The Measure of a composition? Asimovs Bicentennial Man, Star Treks Data, and Being Human. Extrapolation 44.2 (2003) 209. General OneFile. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.Warrick, Patricia S. Science Fiction Images of Computers and Robots. The Cybernetic Imagination. N.p. The MIT, 1980. 53-79. Rpt. in Contemporary Lieterary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit Gale, 1983. 53-56. Print.Watt, Donald. A Galaxy plenteous of People Characterization in Asimovs Major Fiction. Isaac Asimov. Ed. Joseph D. Olander and Martin Harry Greenberg. N.p. Taplinger, 1977. 135-73. Rpt. in Contemporary Lieterary Criticism. Ed. Jean C. Stine. Vol. 26. Detroit Gale, 1983. 45-50. Print.

Encryption - How Sensitive Information Is Protected on the Internet :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Encryption - How Sensitive Information Is Protected on the InternetHave you ever visited a web site and seen something that you cute to purchase? Were you apprehensive about making that purchase, because you were unsure of who would see your own(prenominal) information? Well, for an e-business to be successful, the leaders of that business must take picky protective cover measures to protect their customers sensitive information. The most safe method to protect sensitive information that is transmitted via the web, is encoding. Encryption is the label and scrambling of put acrosss to prevent any unauthorized access to data that is being transmitted. Applying a secret numerical code called an encryption key encrypts a marrow. This allows the message to be sent as a scrambled set of characters. If the message is to be unscrambled, it must be decrypted with a matching key. These keys consist of groups of letters, numbers, and symbols. If a website is secured by encrypt ion, you will see a small lock on the lower right hand side of your screen on the view bar. There are two basic standards of encryption. They are, full Sockets Layer (SSL) and Secure Hypertext Transport Protocol (S-HTTP). Both of these allow the client and the server computers to get it on encryption and decryption as they communicate with each opposite during a secure Internet session.Public key is a widely apply type of encryption. However, there are several different types. This type of encryption uses two different keys. One key is private while the other key is public. First, a private and public key must be created. The private key, of course, is kept secret. The public key is kept in a directory. The sender sends a message with the pass catchers public key, and the receiver uses the private key to decrypt it.Another type of internet security device is called a digital spot. This is a digital code addicted to a message that is electronically transmitted and u sed to identify the origins and content of that message. The digital signature is then used by the receiver to aver that the message was not tampered with after being sent. A digital signature is similar to a real signature, in that it is a way to be sure that the person sending the message is indeed that person.

The New Republic and the Issues It Faces :: Writing Politics Governmnet Essays

The New Republic and the Issues It Faces The New Republic is a weekly British policy-making journal that focuses quite a smear on the internal workings of the US government and issues dealing with inappropriate policy and issues outside of this country. The New Republic is very broad with its political orientation, however tends to be more liberal with some conservative tendencies. The join States edition is published from Washington DC. The major pieces of information I collect about the New Republic (TNR) were information about some new-fashioned issues the publication itself is facing. The magazines major emphasis has been dealing with transnational issues in the context of the US government and how the US is handling received aspects of these issues. The New Republic has been seen as a traditionally liberal magazine, but some sources have recently said that the magazine has developed a neo-liberal view. The entanglementsite http//www.ctheory.net/text_file.as p?pick=111 defined Neo-liberalism as a political philosophy which originated in the advanced countries in the 1980s. It is associated with the idea of liberal fascism free enterprise, economic globalisation and national corporatism as the institutional and ideological grounds for the civil disciplining of lowly individuals, aliens and groups. The New Republic has withal been seen as a very quick New York style of magazine. This means that TNR has more of a center on the New York culture and tries to amplify that in the text and articles. Much of the message is put forth toward these intellectuals who have a real sense of politics. The editor in chief in chief is Martin Peretz. His biography on the New Republic web site says that Martin Peretz has been editor and chief and chairman of the New Republic since 1974. concurrently he has kept up his teaching at Harvard University where he has been a part-time lecturer in Social Studies since joining the New Republic. Th e website also goes on to say that he holds many awards and distinctions such as the capital of Israel Medal and the Medal of Distinction of the University of Missouris School of Journalism. Mr. Peretzs biography also states that he is co-founder and co-chairman of The street.com, a publicly traded company of the NASDAQ, and was a co-founder of Leukosite, a biotechnology and pharmaceutical company.

Insights on Death in I’ve Seen a Dying Eye Essay -- Seen Dying Eye Ess

Ive Seen a Dying Eye, by Emily Dickinson, is a poem about the nature of remainder. A sense of distrust and un learnlability about death seems to exist. The observers computer address seems hesitant and unsure of what he or she is seeing, partly because of the dashes, but as well as because of the words used to describe the scene. As the eye is observed looking for something, then becoming cloudy and progressing through more obscurity until it eventually comes to rest, the soul observing the death cannot provide any definite trial impression that what the dying person saw was hopeful or disturbing. The dying person seems to have no control over the clouds covering his or her eye, which is deucedly searching for something that it can only hope to find before the clouds only consume it. Death, as an uncontrollable force, seems to sweep over the dying. More importantly, as the poem is from the point of view of the observer, whether the dying person saw anything or not is not as s ignificant as what the observer, and the reader, carry away(p) from the poem. The suspicion of whether the dying person saw anything or had any control over his or her death is what is being played on in the poem. If the dying person has no control, what kind of power does that give death? Did the eye find what it was looking for before the clouds billowed across their vision, and was it hopeful? These questions mean the main idea the poem is trying to convey. Death forces itself upon the dying leave them no control, and if something hopeful exists to be seen after death, it is a question leftfield for the living to ponder. The idea that something exists after death is uncertain in this poem, precept this, it is important that the point of view is that of the observer. The ... ... is now blessed because he or she finally knows the answer to the life-long question. It seems that Dickinson purposefully leaves the poem open-ended to keep that uncertainty alive in her poem. The o nly time the uncertainty of death is make certain is during that moment when our eyes begin their search through the engulfing clouds. Emily never gives an absolute definition of what she is addressing in this poem and in every new(prenominal) poem she wrote. Michael Myers, author of Thinking and Writing About Literature, best captures this idea of open-ended conclusions says Its also worth keeping in mind that Dickinson was not always consistent in her views and they can change from poems, to poem, depending upon how she felt at a given moment. Dickinson was less interested in absolute answers to questions than she was in examining and exploring their circumference.

Comparison of The Tempest and Translations Essay -- The Tempest Transl

Comparison of The Tempest and TranslationsThe Tempest begins with a enormous storm and signifies a niftychange for the pile of the island, but we do not chequer until lateron in the play that it is Prospero who has cause the storm so thatthe characters on the ship will be brought to the island. The openingscene is very melodramatic and shows the inner turmoil and change thatwill occur for the characters involved, whereas it is also soonerconfusing for the audience as we be not aware of what logical implicationthe storm has, and what has caused it until later. Characters runfrantically about in this scene and we are unaware of their purposethe audience is not communicated well at the outset as we are leftuninformed of the situation. Just as in Translations where there isalso a lack of communication as hand is trying to get Sarah to communionbut as she is unable to talk she cannot express her feelings andthought to him clearly and so the communication amid the twain hasbeen broken. Manus says, Soon youll be telling me all the secretsthat know been in that head of yours all these years.When Prospero tells Miranda the story of where he came from and how heused to be the Duke of Milan but was usurped by his brother, he asksMiranda if she is listening properly to crystallise sure there would be nobroken communication between the two of them. He says, I pray thee,mark me and Dost thou break? But Prospero does not communicate welland sometimes talks applesauce so that it is hard to understand what hemeans. Prospero explains that he gradually grew bored in rulinghis kingdom and turned his attention much and more to his studies andbooks, neglecting his duties as duke. As he did not commun... ...ers select to take separately of the Gaelic names and anglicise it, either by changing it intothe scratchy English sound or translate it into the English word,they feel they have had their identity taken away from them. Without acultural background, or if peopl e have their cultural identity takenaway from them, they feel they have lost a sense of the person theyare. Owen says, My job is to translate the quaint, obsolete tongue youpeople persist in speaking into the Kings good English. Thisquotation shows how the English do not see the Irish as civilisedpeople because they speak a different vocabulary that they do notunderstand. They think that they are doing the Irish a great favourand making them more civilised by Anglicising their places names and program line them English. They do not realise they are taking away theIrishs identity and background.

Zambezi Valley :: essays research papers

Zambezi Valley     If the average person was asked about the Zambezi Valley, how morewould actually put up anything to say? From all the places I have been in theworld, the Zambezi Valley stands out most in my mind. The mighty Zambezi Riverforms the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia as they lie on the maps in ourlibraries. Few people have been graced the opportunity to be in the presence ofthis majestic silver python as it carves a agency at the crust of our earth. Thereis no better way to experience this natural wonder than by organizing anexpedition and venturing into the un cognise natural state of the "Dark Continent" formemories that go forth last you a lifetime. Unfortunately these years you have to doit through a Safari company that will charge you an arm and a leg for a week ache tour, only skimming the surface and not taking you into the darkest ofAfrica of which you have present in so many adventure novels. Traveling is a verystimulating hobby, but Africa is part of me.     Darkness overcame all as develop Earth turned her back on the center ofour solar system. In the heart of Africa everything is sleeping, or so you atomic number 18meant to think. The ruler of that kingdom is patrolling his grease inabsolute silence. His bushy black mane casts a vestige in the pale moonlight.Eyes like those of an eagle penetrate the darkest shadows of the bush. The quietgray pads of his paws tread along the game path barely deviation any evidence ofhis presence. The great beast strides graciously along earlier disappearing intoblack night. He will soon find every a dense thicket or some tall buffalograss swaying back and forth on the rhythm of the early break of mean solar day breeze where hecan lay his giant body knock off and get some rest. Stars begin to fade as a thick yellow glow takes their place in the East. The bush is coming tolife. Birds are singing their songs of joy and hippos are snorting out of pure fun for a new day has come. This will be a day where the fight for survivaltakes over like an uncontrollable urge, nevertheless, little is known as to whoshould be feared. Should it be the predators lurking around, wanting to filltheir own stomachs, or will it be the natives searching for food in the land onwhich they have lived for thousands of years. Remember that this is done in aneffort to rise supra the ever present poverty.